Investigating the Imagination Levels of Students Playing Tennis 1

8 to 16-year-old students who are engaged in tennis. The sample

8-16, who are enrolled in primary and secondary education institutions and are engaged in tennis sports

Imagery Questionnaire for Children developed Hall et al. (6) and adapted to the Turkish by Kafkas (11) was administered. In the evaluation of the data, the normality test Kolmogorov Smirnov,

of imagination levels based on various demographic parameters. The results revealed that the level of imagination did not differ significantly based on age or gender. However, mean value of the imagination scores for female students was higher than that for male students.

imagination. Significant differences were detected in the imagery aspect, general cognitive dimension and the persistence of the sports. Similarly, significant differences were observed in the imagery aspect, specific cognitive dimension and the longevity of sporting. There were no significant differences between imagery aspect, special motivation, general motivation stimulation, general motivational superiority dimensions and sporting longevity. Key Words: Sports, Tennis, Imagination. INTRODUCTION Imaging is a life where real lives are imitated. We may notice that we see what we are imagining, we can feel the movements while imagining, or we can experience the images of sounds, tastes and fragrances without real experiences (7). With imagination, we develop both the physical skills and the mental skills. Physical adjustments such as the development of skills, correction of errors, and psychological arrangements such as control of emotions, concentration, and self-confidence can be accomplished with the imagination. It is very important for athletes to form positive images in their minds in order to be successful and take advantage of the imagination. Because positive images also affect the actions of athletes in a positive way (11). Imagery is part of our thought system. In images, one can perceive himself/herself as doing the best s/he can so as to reveal a good performance. By rethinking or revealing a previous success, imagination can be implemented to recreate the successful performance in the past. In other words, we can remember and re-create the events of the past in our brains, or we can imagine events in our minds that never happened. Imagery is similar to our actual sensory experience (vision, feeling, hearing, etc.), but occur only in internal brain (14). Many psychologists believe that imagination is one of the most important studies in improving the psychological performance of the athlete. The literature revealed that the imaginative strategy is more effective than no exercise and less effective than physical exercise (13). Tennis is a sports with many different technical features. In order to achieve a high level of success in this branch, players must have the necessary motor skills. These abilities are important for the tennis branch (8).

(3). Playing tennis requires different skills due to the game structure. During the course of learning, the skills of closed skills should be done, and in the middle and upper levels it is more appropriate to carry out studies that require more open skills. Tennis is a sport which has more co-ordinated features. Therefore, transfer of previously acquired knowledge and skills to new acquired skills is more important during the acquisition of skills related to tennis (Measurer, 12).

imagination levels of 9-15 years old children who are engaged in tennis. MATERIAL AND METHOD Model Since the research was based on the examination of the current situation as it is, it was done by general screening model. Working group A total of 15 primary school students (57 males, 94 males and females) aged between 8-16 years and living in Aydin Province center participated in the study. Data Collection Tools Sports Imagery Questionnaire for Children developed Hall et al. (6) and adapted to the Turkish by Kafkas (11) was administered. The imagination levels of the participants were compared in terms of gender, age and persistance of sporting. Sports Imagery Questionnaire for Children Sports Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ) for Children developed Hall et al. (6) and adapted to the Turkish by Kafkas (11) was administered. The SIQ used in the study consisted of 21 items and five subscales. The subscale a) Specific cognitive dimension (SCD, α = .77) consists of 4 items and aimed to reveal the measures the potential of imagination of the technique, before the students exhibit the basic techniques of the sportive branch. b) General cognitive dimension (GCD, α = .62) consists of 4 items and measures the overall planning of the sport activities. c) The the special motivation dimension (SMD α = .70) consists of 4 items and measures the specific motivation of students in sport activities. d) The general motivation-stimulus dimension (GMSD, α = .77) consists of 4 items and measures the ability of students to imagine the talent in advance to perform that talent in a sporting activity. e) The general motivation-supremacy dimension (GMSD, α = .70) consists of 5 items and measures the the best way to imagine the activity that the students will do before exhibiting that activity in sporting. In accordance with the relevant literature, the 6 items from items from the dimensions mentioned above were removed from the questionnaire due to the fact that some items were repeated under different dimensions and had the factor load value or item drop correlation value below 0.30. Therefore, the study was repeated with the remaining 15 items. As a result of the mentioned operations,

Furthermore, it was found that the eigenvalue of the inventory was collected in 3 components. A total of 36.2% of variance was explained with the first dimension, 8.1% of the second, and 7.5% of the third dimension. The first sub-dimension is the specific cognitive- motivational sub-dimension, and has two factor structures in the original questionnaire: the specific cognitive (1, 2, 3, 4) and the special motivational (9, 10,11, 12) dimensions. In this study, it was seen that these two dimensions combined as a result of factor analysis. Specific cognitive motivational sub-dimension consisting of 8 items (1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12) explains 36.24% of the total variance and the factor loadings vary between 0.38 and 0.72. An example of a specific cognitive-motivational sub-dimension is the item “I can usually imagine what a skill is like.” The second sub-dimension is general cognitive sub-dimension and consists of 3 items. While this dimension was consisted of 4 items in the original of the scale (5, 6, 7, 8,), the the 8th item was excluded because factor load was below 0.30. The factor loads of this sub-dimension ranged between 0.78 and 0.65 and explained 8.12% of the total variance. An example of this sub-dimension is the item “I design new game plans in my head.” The third sub-dimension is general-motivational superiority sub-dimension. This sub-dimension consists of 4 items (18, 19, 20, 21) with factor loads ranging from 0.72 to 0.65 and explaining 7.54% of the total variance. In the original questionnaire this dimension had 5 items (17, 18, 19, 20, 21), however, the 17th item was excluded from the scale because the factor load of was below 0.30. An example of a general motivation-superiority sub-dimension can be shown as “I imagine myself in a difficult situation.” The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire used in the study was Cronbach Alfa=0.93.

normality test Kolmogorov Smirnov,

of imagination levels according to some demographic characteristics. RESULTS Table 1. Examination of the level of imagination according to the gender variable of students engaged in tennis sports Gender N X̄ SD Female student Total score imagining 94 71.2872 15.75254 Male student Total score imagining 57 68.3333 18.31308 As seen in Table 1, it is determined that female students' imagination scores are higher than male students'. While the mean imagination of female students was 71.28 ± 15.75, the mean imagination level of male students was determined as 68.33 ± 18.31. Table 2. Studying the level of imagination of tennis sports students according to age and gender variable Age Gender N X̄ SD 8 Female Total score imagining 4 63.7500 12.01041 9 Female Total score imagining 10 71.3000 12.39220 Male Total score imagining 9 74.3333 11.32475 10 Female Total score imagining 14 75.8571 16.36063 Male Total score imagining 13 58.4615 19.35035 11 Kız Total score imagining 15 76.1333 14.52026 Male Total score imagining 13 65.2308 17.71607 12 Kız Total score imagining 10 62.4000 19.93434 Male Total score imagining 10 78.3000 20.42357 13 Kız Total score imagining 9 66.8889 21.76261 Male Total score imagining 7 63.2857 17.83923 14 Female Total score imagining 11 76.8182 12.01514 Male Total score imagining 3 75.6667 10.01665 15 Female Total score imagining 10 67.0000 14.85485 Male Total score imagining 2 82.5000 13.43503 16 Female Total score imagining 11 71.6364 12.95587 The mean score of imagination in terms of age and gender in Table 2 indicates that the mean scores of the females in 10,11,13,14 age groups and Males in the 12,15 age groups are higher. Table 3: Normality test for imagination level

Total imagining score .078 151 .025 .976 151 .009 As shown

<0.05). Table 4: Normality test for imagination and sub-dimensions

Specific cognitive .099 151 .001 .976 151 .009 General cognitive .110 151 .000 .962 151 .000 Special motivation .148 151 .000 .947 151 .000 General motivation- stimulus General-motivational superiority .124 151 .093 151 .000 .003 .959 .961 As seen in Table 4, the data were deviated from the normality (p <0.05). 151 .000 151 .000 Table 5. According to the gender variable of students engaged in tennis sports examination of the imagination sub-dimensions Total imagining Specific General Special score cognitive cognitive motivation General motivation- stimulus General- motivational superiority Mann- Whitney U Wilcoxon W 2410.000 2566.000 2563.500 4063.000 4219.000 7028.500 2265.500 3918.500 2336.500 3989.500 2457.500 4110.500 Z -1.033 -.436 -.445 -1.592 -1.319 -.852 P .302 .663 .657 .111 .187 .394 As seen in Table 5,

students engaged in tennis and gender (p> 0.05). Table 6. Examining the the sub-dimensions imagining and the age variable of the students engaged in tennis sports Total imagining score Specific cognitive General General- General Special motivation- motivational cognitive motivation stimulus superiority Chi-Square 4.645 10.009 4.543 6.699 2.007 6.633 df 8 8 8 8 8 8 P .795 .264 .805 .569 .981 .577 As seen

sub-dimension scores of the students engaged in tennis sport (p> 0.05). Table 7. The total imagination

students engaged in tennis sports in respect to the persistence of doing sports Total General General- imagining Specific General Special motivation- motivational score cognitive cognitive motivation stimulus superiority Chi-Square 16.805 15.033 15.383 11.683 13.856 6.955 df 7 7 7 7 7 7 p .019 .036 .031 .111 .054 .434

imagination level of the students and the persistence of doing sports

imaginative sub-dimension of the general cognitive dimension students engaged in tennis and and the persistence of sports

imagination sub-dimension of the specific cognitive dimension students engaged in tennis and their and the persistence of sports

students engaged in tennis sports, the levels of motivation, general motivation, general motivational superiority and the duration of sports (p> 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION When the average level of imagination of students engaged in tennis sports is analyzed by gender, it is determined that female students' imagination scores are higher than those of Male students (Table 1). The level of imagination according to age and gender variables is examined and it is observed that the mean imagination level of females in 10,11,13,14 age groups and males in 12 and 15 age groups were higher (Table 2). When the total imagination score and sub-dimension scores were evaluated in respect to gender, no significant association between the gender and total imagination score and sub- dimension scores were observed (Table 5). According to the analyses of the gender variable and imagining participants level subscale (specific cognitive motivational, general cognitive and general-motivational superiority),

Kızıldağ’s (11) study entitled "Different Imagery Formats of athletes in Various Sports" the comparison of the the male and female and concluded that in terms of the general cognitive imagery, special motivation, and General motivation-stimulus subscale females performed significantly higher scores compare to the male athletes. The difference between the studies may be due to the nature of the tennis sport in our study. Cross comparisons between the imagination levels of of athletes in different sports may reveal important findings. Imagination total score and sub-dimension scores were examined according to age variable and no significant difference was found between imagination levels and sub-dimensions and age variable (Table 6). According to a previous study, no significant effect of the age variable on imagination level of sub-dimensions (specific cognitive, general cognitive, general motivation-stimulus, and general motivation-superiority) was reported (4). Contrary to our results reported here, Kolayiş, Sarı, and Köle (10) reported a positive correlation between age and cognitive imagery and general motivational superiority dimension. When the findings of the previous studies considered a partial coherence was present and with different contradicting results in cognitive imagery and general motivational superiority dimensions.

duration of sports. Significant differences were found between the imaginative sub-dimension, the general cognitive dimension and the duration of sporting. Significant differences were found between the imaginative sub-dimension specific cognitive dimension and the duration of sporting. No significant difference was found between the imagination sub-dimensions, specific motivation, general motivation stimulation, general motivational superiority dimensions and the duration of sporting (Table 7). In a study targeting the effect of imagination levels of adolescents participating in sportive recreation activities on success perception, a positive effect of imagination on the perception of success was reported (4). Another study examined the concentration levels of tennis athletes reported a relatively higher concentration performance of tennis athletes compare to the table tennis and badminton athletes (2). In the study which examined the imagination levels and problem solving skills of the athletes participating different sports branches, a positive significant relationship between the cognitive imagery values of imagination sub-dimensions and gender, age and longevity of sporting values, and general motivational superiority dimension values with gender, and sporting year variables were reported (1). A comparison of the imagination and anxiety levels

significant differences were found between age, sporting year and general motivation-stimulus scores (5). While the findings of some studies in which the imagination level is examined in athletes is in congruent with our study, some other studies contradict to our study. In conclusion, it was determined that the level of imagination

students engaged in tennis sports. However, female students' mean imagination scores were found to be higher than those of male students. Significant differences were found between the imaginative sub-dimension, the general cognitive dimension and the duration of sporting. Significant differences were also found between the imaginative sub-dimension specific cognitive dimension and the duration of sporting.

special motivation, general motivation stimulation, general motivational superiority dimensions and sporting time. In order to generalize the findings regarding the imagination levels of the individuals who are engaged in sports, analyses with the larger sample groups in different sports branches are needed. REFERENCES 1. Ağılönü, Ö. (2014). Imagining athletes who play different sports branches of investigation and problem solving skills, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversity, Social Sciences Institute, Master's Thesis, Muğla, 2014. 2. Baştuğ, G. (2018). Investigation of Attention, Concentration and Mental Toughness Properties in Tennis, Table Tennis, and Badminton Athletes, The Sport Journal, 2018; 30,3, 1- 7. 3. Crespo, M., Miley, D. (1998) Advanced Coaches Manual-1, P.O.Box N-7788 West Bay Street, Nassau, Bahamas Canada, 1998; 149. 4. Elmas, L., Birol, S.Ş. (2018). The effect of imagery level to the perceptions of achievement in adolescents participating sportive recreation activities, The Journal of International Anatolia Sport Science, 2018; 3, 1, 249-259. 5. Erdoğan, P.D. Anology of Imagination and Anxiety Level in the Sportspeople Dealing with Individual and Team Sports, Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences, Master’s Thesis, Sakarya, 2009. 6. Hall, C.R. Mack, D., Paivio, A. and Hausenblas H. Imagery use by athletes: Development of the sport imagery questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1999; 29, 73- 89. 7. Hall, C.R. Imagery in sport and exercise. In: Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, (2nd Ed.). R N. Singer, HA. Hausenblas (Eds.) New York, John Willy & Sons, 2001; 538. 8. http://www.topendsports.com/sport/tennis/testing.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2018). 9. Kafkas, M.E. Çocuklar İçin Sporda Hayal Etme Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Bir geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Niğde Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri dergisi, 2011; 5,2. 10. Kolayiş, H., Sarı, İ., Köle, Ö. Takım sporlarıyla uğraşan kadın sporcuların imgeleme, güdülenme ve kaygı puanları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi.”. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Ankara Üniv Spor Bil Fak, 2015;13 (2), 129-136. 11. Femaleıldağ, E. Farklı Spor Branşlarındaki Sporcuların İmgeleme Biçimleri, Mersin Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mersin, 2007. 12. Ölçücü B. Tenisçilerde pliometrik antrenmanların kol ve bacak kuvveti, servis, forehand, backhand vuruş süratleri ve vurulan hedefe isabet yüzdelerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2011. 13. Özerkan, K.N. Spor Psikolojisine Giriş, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 2004; 83. 14. Weinberg, R.S., Gould, D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Human Kinetics, 1995; 280-283.