Analysis of the characters in ‘Kürk Mantolu Madonna’ regarding the self-concept
Keywords:
Self, self-verification, stability of self-esteem, attachment styles, Kürk Mantolu MadonnaAbstract
With the current study, the Western theories and research findings on the structure, processes and the contents of ‘self’, which constitutes a central place in social psychology, were evaluated regarding the characters of Kürk Mantolu Madonna, Sabahattin Ali’s novel published in 1943. The novel’s characters were examined specifically through the concepts of self-worth, self-esteem, self-verification and attachment styles. The findings were discussed in the light of the literature and some research questions on the self-conception were generated to be examined in the future.
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Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E. ve Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment:
Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ali, S. (2010/1943). Kürk Mantolu Madonna. Yapı Kredi Yayınları: İstanbul (37. baskı)
Aron, A., Paris M. ve Aron E.N., (1995). Falling in love: Prospective studies of self-
concept change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1102-1112.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human
behavior içinde (ss. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
Baumeister, R.F. (1987). How the self became a problem: A psychological review of
historical research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 163-176.
Baumeister, R.F. (1993). Understanding the iner nature of low self esteem. R. F.
Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard içinde (ss. 201-219). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Baumeister, R.F. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The
dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 1, 5-33
Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I. ve Vohs K.D. (2003). Does High Self-
Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4 (1), 1–44.
Baumeister, R.F., Heatherton, T.F., ve Tice, D.M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-
regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
Blaine, B. ve Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive
and negative events: An integrative review. R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard içinde (ss. 55– 85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bosveld, W., Koomen, W., Van der Plight, J. ve Plaisier, J.W. (1995). Differential construal
as an explanation for false consensus and false uniqueness effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1, 518-532.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York:
Basic Books.
Brown, J.D. (1986). Evaluations of self and others: Self-enhancement biases in social
failure, and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1503–1517.
Brown, J.D. (1998). The self. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brown, J.D., Dutton, K. A. ve Cook, K. E. (2001). From the top down: Self-esteem and self-
Evaluation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 615-631.
Brown, J.D. ve Marshall, M.A. (2001). Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about
Feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 575–584.
Bushman B.J. ve Baumeister, R.F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem,
and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219-229.
Campbell, L. (2005). Responses to verifying and enhancing appraisals from
Romantic partners: The role of trait importance and trait visibility. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 663–675
Cassidy, J. ve Kobak, R. {1988). Avoidance and its relation to other defensive processes.
J. Belsky ve T. Neworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment içinde (ss. 300-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crocker, J. ve Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin,
, 392- 414.
Dickerson, S.S., Gruenewald, T.L. ve Kemeny, M.E. (2004). When the social self is
threatened: Shame, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1191–1216.
Dutton, K.A. ve Brown, J.D. (1997). Global self-esteem and specific self-views as
determinants of people’s reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 139-148.
Feather, N.T. (1989). Attitudes towards the high achivers: The fall of tall poppy. Australian
Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 239-267.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison process. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Greenwald, A.G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.
American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.
Hazan, C. ve Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
Higgins, E.T. ve May, D. (2001) Individual self regulatory functions: It is not “we”
regulation, but still social. C. Sedikides ve M. Brewer (Eds), Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self içinde (ss. 47-67). Philedelphia: Psychology Press.
Hoelter, J. (1984). Relative effects of significant others on self evaluations. Social
Psychology Quarterly, 47, 126-134.
Jones, E.E. ve Nisbett, R.E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of
the causes of behavior. New York: General Learning Press.
Kernis, M.H., Grannemann, B.D. ve Barclay, L. C. (1992). Stability of self-esteem:
assessment, correlates, and excuse-making. Journal of Personality, 60, 621-644.
Kernis, M.H.; Cornell, D.P.; Sun, C.R, Berry, A. ve Harlow, T. (1993). There is more to self
esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1190-1204.
Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A., Karasawa, M. ve Uskul, A. (2009). A cultural task
analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 236-255.
Klohnen, E.C. ve Luo S. (2003). Interpersonal attraction and personality: What is
attractive: Self similarity, ideal similarity, complementarity, or attachment security? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 4, 709–722.
Korkmaz, R. (1997). Sabahattin Ali: Eser ve İnsan. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları
Leary, M.R. ve Baumeister, R.F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem:
Sociometer Theory. M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology içinde (ss. 1–62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Mezulis A.H., Abramson L.Y., Hyde J.S., ve Hankin B.L. (2004). Is there a universal
positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 711–747.
Mikulincer, M. ve Nachshon, Q. (1991). Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 321-331.
Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P.R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood:
Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology içinde (ss. 53–152). New York: Academic Press.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O. ve Nitzberg, R.A. (2005). Attachment, caregiving,
and altruism: Boosting attachment security increases compassion ve helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 817–839.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P., Sapir-Lavid, Y. ve Avihou-Kanza, N. (2009). What’s inside the
minds of securely ve insecurely attached people? The secure-base script and its associations with attachment-style dimensions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 615-633.
Murray, S.L., Holmes, J.G., Bellavia, G., Griffin, D.W. ve Dolderman, D. (2002). Kindred
spirits? The benefits of egocentrism in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (4), 563–581.
Park, L. E., Crocker, J. ve Kiefer, A. K. (2007). Contingencies of selfworth, academic
failure, and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1503–1517.
Park, L. ve Maner, J. (2009). Does self-threat promote social connection? The role of self
esteem and contingencies of self-worth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 203-217.
Pelham, B.W. (1991). On the Benefits of Misery: Self-Serving Biases in the Depressive Self-
Concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 670-681.
Pelham, B.W. ve Swann, W.B. (1989) . From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the
sources ve structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672–680.
Petty, R.E. ve Cacioppo, J.T. (1986). Communication ve persuasion. New York: Springer-
Verlag.
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. J. Suls ve
A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self' içinde (ss. 107-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L. ve Vevea J.L. (2005). Pancultural self-enhancement reloaded: A
meta-analytic reply to Heine”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 539–551.
Sherman, D.K., Cohen, G.L., Nelson, L.D., Bunyan, D.P. ve Garcia, J. (2009). Affirmed yet
unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97 (5), 745–764.
Steele, C.M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self.
L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology içinde (ss. 261–302). New York: Academic Press.
Swann, W.B., Hixon, J.G. ve De La Ronde, C. (1992). Embracing the bitter “truth”:
Negative self-concepts ve marital commitment. Psychological Science, 3, 118–121
Swann, W.B., De La Ronde, C. ve Hixon, J.G. (1994). Authenticity ve positivity
strivings in marriage ve courtship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 857–869.
Swann, W.B., Jr., Stein-Seroussi, A. ve Giesler, B. (1992). Why people self-verify. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 392-401.
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintanence model of social behavior.
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 181-227.
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.
Psychological Review, 92(4), 548-573.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E. ve Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment:
Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ali, S. (2010/1943). Kürk Mantolu Madonna. Yapı Kredi Yayınları: İstanbul (37. baskı)
Aron, A., Paris M. ve Aron E.N., (1995). Falling in love: Prospective studies of self-
concept change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1102-1112.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human
behavior içinde (ss. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
Baumeister, R.F. (1987). How the self became a problem: A psychological review of
historical research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 163-176.
Baumeister, R.F. (1993). Understanding the iner nature of low self esteem. R. F.
Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard içinde (ss. 201-219). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Baumeister, R.F. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The
dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 1, 5-33
Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I. ve Vohs K.D. (2003). Does High Self-
Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4 (1), 1–44.
Baumeister, R.F., Heatherton, T.F., ve Tice, D.M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-
regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
Blaine, B. ve Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive
and negative events: An integrative review. R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard içinde (ss. 55– 85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bosveld, W., Koomen, W., Van der Plight, J. ve Plaisier, J.W. (1995). Differential construal
as an explanation for false consensus and false uniqueness effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1, 518-532.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York:
Basic Books.
Brown, J.D. (1986). Evaluations of self and others: Self-enhancement biases in social
failure, and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1503–1517.
Brown, J.D. (1998). The self. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brown, J.D., Dutton, K. A. ve Cook, K. E. (2001). From the top down: Self-esteem and self-
Evaluation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 615-631.
Brown, J.D. ve Marshall, M.A. (2001). Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about
Feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 575–584.
Bushman B.J. ve Baumeister, R.F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem,
and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219-229.
Campbell, L. (2005). Responses to verifying and enhancing appraisals from
Romantic partners: The role of trait importance and trait visibility. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 663–675
Cassidy, J. ve Kobak, R. {1988). Avoidance and its relation to other defensive processes.
J. Belsky ve T. Neworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment içinde (ss. 300-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crocker, J. ve Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin,
, 392- 414.
Dickerson, S.S., Gruenewald, T.L. ve Kemeny, M.E. (2004). When the social self is
threatened: Shame, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1191–1216.
Dutton, K.A. ve Brown, J.D. (1997). Global self-esteem and specific self-views as
determinants of people’s reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 139-148.
Feather, N.T. (1989). Attitudes towards the high achivers: The fall of tall poppy. Australian
Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 239-267.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison process. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Greenwald, A.G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.
American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.
Hazan, C. ve Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
Higgins, E.T. ve May, D. (2001) Individual self regulatory functions: It is not “we”
regulation, but still social. C. Sedikides ve M. Brewer (Eds), Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self içinde (ss. 47-67). Philedelphia: Psychology Press.
Hoelter, J. (1984). Relative effects of significant others on self evaluations. Social
Psychology Quarterly, 47, 126-134.
Jones, E.E. ve Nisbett, R.E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of
the causes of behavior. New York: General Learning Press.
Kernis, M.H., Grannemann, B.D. ve Barclay, L. C. (1992). Stability of self-esteem:
assessment, correlates, and excuse-making. Journal of Personality, 60, 621-644.
Kernis, M.H.; Cornell, D.P.; Sun, C.R, Berry, A. ve Harlow, T. (1993). There is more to self
esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1190-1204.
Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A., Karasawa, M. ve Uskul, A. (2009). A cultural task
analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 236-255.
Klohnen, E.C. ve Luo S. (2003). Interpersonal attraction and personality: What is
attractive: Self similarity, ideal similarity, complementarity, or attachment security? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 4, 709–722.
Korkmaz, R. (1997). Sabahattin Ali: Eser ve İnsan. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları
Leary, M.R. ve Baumeister, R.F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem:
Sociometer Theory. M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology içinde (ss. 1–62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Mezulis A.H., Abramson L.Y., Hyde J.S., ve Hankin B.L. (2004). Is there a universal
positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 711–747.
Mikulincer, M. ve Nachshon, Q. (1991). Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 321-331.
Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P.R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood:
Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology içinde (ss. 53–152). New York: Academic Press.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O. ve Nitzberg, R.A. (2005). Attachment, caregiving,
and altruism: Boosting attachment security increases compassion ve helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 817–839.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P., Sapir-Lavid, Y. ve Avihou-Kanza, N. (2009). What’s inside the
minds of securely ve insecurely attached people? The secure-base script and its associations with attachment-style dimensions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 615-633.
Murray, S.L., Holmes, J.G., Bellavia, G., Griffin, D.W. ve Dolderman, D. (2002). Kindred
spirits? The benefits of egocentrism in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (4), 563–581.
Park, L. E., Crocker, J. ve Kiefer, A. K. (2007). Contingencies of selfworth, academic
failure, and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1503–1517.
Park, L. ve Maner, J. (2009). Does self-threat promote social connection? The role of self
esteem and contingencies of self-worth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 203-217.
Pelham, B.W. (1991). On the Benefits of Misery: Self-Serving Biases in the Depressive Self-
Concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 670-681.
Pelham, B.W. ve Swann, W.B. (1989) . From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the
sources ve structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672–680.
Petty, R.E. ve Cacioppo, J.T. (1986). Communication ve persuasion. New York: Springer-
Verlag.
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. J. Suls ve
A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self' içinde (ss. 107-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L. ve Vevea J.L. (2005). Pancultural self-enhancement reloaded: A
meta-analytic reply to Heine”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 539–551.
Sherman, D.K., Cohen, G.L., Nelson, L.D., Bunyan, D.P. ve Garcia, J. (2009). Affirmed yet
unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97 (5), 745–764.
Steele, C.M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self.
L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology içinde (ss. 261–302). New York: Academic Press.
Swann, W.B., Hixon, J.G. ve De La Ronde, C. (1992). Embracing the bitter “truth”:
Negative self-concepts ve marital commitment. Psychological Science, 3, 118–121
Swann, W.B., De La Ronde, C. ve Hixon, J.G. (1994). Authenticity ve positivity
strivings in marriage ve courtship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 857–869.
Swann, W.B., Jr., Stein-Seroussi, A. ve Giesler, B. (1992). Why people self-verify. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 392-401.
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintanence model of social behavior.
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 181-227.
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.
Psychological Review, 92(4), 548-573.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E. ve Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment:
Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ali, S. (2010/1943). Kürk Mantolu Madonna. Yapı Kredi Yayınları: İstanbul (37. baskı)
Aron, A., Paris M. ve Aron E.N., (1995). Falling in love: Prospective studies of self-
concept change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1102-1112.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human
behavior içinde (ss. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
Baumeister, R.F. (1987). How the self became a problem: A psychological review of
historical research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 163-176.
Baumeister, R.F. (1993). Understanding the iner nature of low self esteem. R. F.
Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard içinde (ss. 201-219). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Baumeister, R.F. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The
dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 1, 5-33
Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I. ve Vohs K.D. (2003). Does High Self-
Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4 (1), 1–44.
Baumeister, R.F., Heatherton, T.F., ve Tice, D.M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-
regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
Blaine, B. ve Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive
and negative events: An integrative review. R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard içinde (ss. 55– 85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bosveld, W., Koomen, W., Van der Plight, J. ve Plaisier, J.W. (1995). Differential construal
as an explanation for false consensus and false uniqueness effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1, 518-532.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York:
Basic Books.
Brown, J.D. (1986). Evaluations of self and others: Self-enhancement biases in social
failure, and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1503–1517.
Brown, J.D. (1998). The self. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brown, J.D., Dutton, K. A. ve Cook, K. E. (2001). From the top down: Self-esteem and self-
Evaluation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 615-631.
Brown, J.D. ve Marshall, M.A. (2001). Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about
Feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 575–584.
Bushman B.J. ve Baumeister, R.F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem,
and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219-229.
Campbell, L. (2005). Responses to verifying and enhancing appraisals from
Romantic partners: The role of trait importance and trait visibility. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 663–675
Cassidy, J. ve Kobak, R. {1988). Avoidance and its relation to other defensive processes.
J. Belsky ve T. Neworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment içinde (ss. 300-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crocker, J. ve Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin,
, 392- 414.
Dickerson, S.S., Gruenewald, T.L. ve Kemeny, M.E. (2004). When the social self is
threatened: Shame, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1191–1216.
Dutton, K.A. ve Brown, J.D. (1997). Global self-esteem and specific self-views as
determinants of people’s reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 139-148.
Feather, N.T. (1989). Attitudes towards the high achivers: The fall of tall poppy. Australian
Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 239-267.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison process. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Greenwald, A.G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.
American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.
Hazan, C. ve Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
Higgins, E.T. ve May, D. (2001) Individual self regulatory functions: It is not “we”
regulation, but still social. C. Sedikides ve M. Brewer (Eds), Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self içinde (ss. 47-67). Philedelphia: Psychology Press.
Hoelter, J. (1984). Relative effects of significant others on self evaluations. Social
Psychology Quarterly, 47, 126-134.
Jones, E.E. ve Nisbett, R.E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of
the causes of behavior. New York: General Learning Press.
Kernis, M.H., Grannemann, B.D. ve Barclay, L. C. (1992). Stability of self-esteem:
assessment, correlates, and excuse-making. Journal of Personality, 60, 621-644.
Kernis, M.H.; Cornell, D.P.; Sun, C.R, Berry, A. ve Harlow, T. (1993). There is more to self
esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1190-1204.
Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A., Karasawa, M. ve Uskul, A. (2009). A cultural task
analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 236-255.
Klohnen, E.C. ve Luo S. (2003). Interpersonal attraction and personality: What is
attractive: Self similarity, ideal similarity, complementarity, or attachment security? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 4, 709–722.
Korkmaz, R. (1997). Sabahattin Ali: Eser ve İnsan. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları
Leary, M.R. ve Baumeister, R.F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem:
Sociometer Theory. M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology içinde (ss. 1–62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Mezulis A.H., Abramson L.Y., Hyde J.S., ve Hankin B.L. (2004). Is there a universal
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