Transcultural nursing in perinatology<p>Perinatolojide kültürlerarasi hemşirelik
Keywords:
Perinatology, transcultural nursing, cultural practicesperinatoloji, kültürlerarası hemşirelik, kültürel uygulamalarAbstract
The last century in the world with globalization as a result of increasing migration different cultures and sub-cultures with individuals, families, and groups were formed in a multi-cultural population structures. This is due to differences in health levels of people from different cultures health care providers and institutions of those who led to consider cultural features. Pregnancy and childbirth in countries all over the world pointed to a period of different cultural beliefs and values. Perception and practices of this period varies from culture to culture. Addressing the people with a holistic perspective the nursing profession, provides services to the community of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, what it means, what is the cultural practices specific to this period, what is going on in this period describe the cultural barriers in front of the intake of health care. This situation raises the quality of care and increase the acceptability of care given by nurses. In this article, the cultural practices of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period but yet the cultural dimension of the nursing care given in accordance with the literature are discussed.
Özet
Son yüzyılda dünyada küreselleşmeyle birlikte artan göçler sonucunda farklı kültürler ve alt kültürlerden bireylerin, ailelerin ve grupların oluşturduğu çok kültürlü nüfus yapıları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu durum farklı kültürden gelen insanların sağlık düzeylerindeki farklılıklardan dolayı sağlık bakımı verenleri ve kurumları kültürel özellikleri göz önünde bulundurmaya yöneltmiştir. Gebelik ve doğum bütün dünya ülkelerinde farklı kültürel inanç ve değerlerle işaret edilen bir dönemdir. Bu döneme yönelik algı ve uygulamalar kültürden kültüre farklılık göstermektedir. İnsanı bütüncül bir bakış açısı ile ele alan hemşirelik mesleği, hizmet verdiği toplumda gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonrası dönemin ne anlama geldiğini, bu dönemlere özgü yapılan kültürel uygulamaların neler olduğunu, bu dönemde sağlık hizmeti alımının önündeki kültürel engellerin neler olduğunu tanımlamalıdır. Bu durum hemşirelerin bireylere verdiği bakımın kabul edilebilirliğini artırır ve bakımın kalitesini yükseltir. Bu makalede gebelik doğum ve doğum sonrası dönemde yapılan kültürel uygulamalara karşın verilen hemşirelik bakımının kültürel boyutu literatür doğrultusunda ele alınmıştır.
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The last century in the world with globalization as a result of increasing migration different cultures and sub-cultures with individuals, families, and groups were formed in a multi-cultural population structures. This is due to differences in health levels of people from different cultures health care providers and institutions of those who led to consider cultural features. Studies on culture in nursing practice, begun in the 1950s and developed with the emergence of transcultural nursing movement. Transcultural nursing field; comparative, humanistic, focusing on scientific knowledge, behaviors, practices, values and beliefs in all cultures, with the methods the protection of health and improving of disease in a nursing field. Perinatology, transcultural nursing practice for pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period are based on different cultural beliefs and values. Perception and practices of this period varies from culture to culture. The nursing profession, provides services to the community of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, what it means, what is the cultural practices specific to this period, what is going on in this period describe the cultural barriers in front of the intake of health care. All health care professionals must develop skill in performing a cultural assessment so that they can understand the meaning of childbirth in different cultural groups. The following questions might be considered in making such an assessment: what is the family’s ethnic affiliation? Is childbearing viewed as a normal process, a time of vulnerability, or a state of illness? what are the prescribed practices, customs, and rituals related to diet, activity, and behavior during pregnancy and childbirth? What maternal restrictions or precautions are considered necessary during pregnancy and childbirth? Who provides support during pregnancy, childbirth, and beyond? What are the prescribed practices and restrictions related to care of the newborn? Who in the family hierarchy makes health care decisions? What are the views of life and death, including predestination and fatalism? How can health care professionals be most helpful? After such an assessment, plans for care should show respect for cultural differences and traditional healing practices. In different regions of our country, pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum period and newborn are available for the various cultural practices. When we look at the cultural practices for the period of pregnancy pregnant women more applications to the diet, and to determine the sex of baby. Cultural practices related to the diet during pregnancy to be taken excessive in or restrictions in some foods. If pregnant women can not eat crave food, baby to be born belive that anomaly, cross-eyed or some stains in baby’s body but if pregnant women can eat crave food baby to be born belive that have a clever baby. Women had traditional beliefs and practices about forecast and determination of baby gender during pregnancy. The traditional beliefs and practices were established that “scissors-knife” method, and “ring” method for forecast of baby gender. The traditional methods are applied for achieving voluntary abortion by married women. Traditional abortion methods that women lift a heavy furniture or goods, while drink flu drug and aspirin, jump rope and jump by shaking from high where, put a poultry quill, matchstick and knitting needle into uterus, and shake a carpet. The birth of a biological event is the birth of action to facilitate, expedite the traditional treatments. Carried out in order to facilitate action on pregnant women, can be deposited into a sheet or blanket, swings, back massage is applied, the woman began to be difficult birth braided hair, knotted objects, such as her husband shoelace nodes are solved. It has been determined the traditional practices at postpartum period which is applied to maintenance of mother as follows: making the forties of confined woman, intercourse is forbidden the 40 days of confined woman, the applications to increase the breast milk of confined woman, the applications to keep evil spirits of confined woman these applications have been done. The most common traditional practices included those such as making the forties of infant, the applications when navels cord of infant fall down, the applications to keep evil eye of infant. It was also determined that the subjects swaddled their babies, them salted the baby, the women used porous earth instead of baby’s nappies, and the subjects delayed suckling the baby until after they heard three calls to prayers.
As a result, the world increasing importance of transcultural nursing, nurses know and evaluate, serve community's cultural factors, their culture, the cultures of pregnant women. Nurses, pregnant women taking into account the culture, show respect and understanding, health-promoting aspects of culture should make use of this.
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