Animal models in medical studies<p>Tıbbi çalışmalarda hayvan modelleri
Keywords:
Animal experiments, experimental animal models, ethics, laboratory animal, experimental animal. Hayvan deneyleri, deneysel hayvan modelleri, etik, laboratuar hayvanı, deney hayvanı.Abstract
Knowledge obtained from experimental animals constitutes an important place for gathering medical knowledge besides information from patients and human volunteers. Rodents, rabbits, carnivores, primates, fish and other cold-blooded animals and animals in their natural environment can be subject to experiments. Attenuated genetic-physiological variation and short life cycles of those experimental animals which are selected and produced for medical research brings important advantages. Some of those animals can be reproduced and kept economically. In addition ethical reasons force us to prefer animals rather than humans. Although use of experimental animals brings such advantages they also bear some disadvantages. Animal models without primates doesn’t resemble human in many aspects. Primate models, high rearing cost restrict their wide use. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory tests are important models using experimental animals. Gastro-intestinal system disorders such as diarrhea and ulcer, liver injury, sensitivity to allergens and asthma models are other widely used tests. There are models for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases which are increasing in modern lifestyle and also models for treatment of such diseases exist. Epilepsy which is a common neurological disorder is also widely modeled in experimental animals. Animal models, conducted with ethical principles will be among the basic data resources for formation of medical knowledge in the future.
Özet:
Tıbbi bilginin oluşmasında hastaların ve insan gönüllülerin yanı sıra deney hayvanlarından elde edilen bilgiler de önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Kemirgenler, tavşanlar, etçiller, primatlar, balık ve diğer soğukkanlılar ve doğal ortamlarında diğer canlılar deneylere konu olabilmektedir. Tıbbi araştırmalarda bu çalışmalar için seçilmiş ve üretilmiş olan deney hayvanlarının daraltılmış genetik-fizyolojik varyasyon, insana kıyasla kısa hayat döngüleri önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır. Deney hayvanlarının bazıları oldukça ekonomik şekilde üretilebilmekte ve barındırılabilmektedir. Diğer taraftan etik nedenler hayvanların kullanımlarını insanlara göre tercih etmemize neden olmaktadır. Bu avantajlarının yanı sıra deney hayvanlarının kullanımı bazı dezavantajları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Primat dışında kullanılan diğer hayvan modelleri pek çok açıdan insanlara benzememektedir. Primatların tercih edildiği durumlar ise bu canlıları deney yaşına kadar büyütmekteki yüksek maliyet nedeniyle kullanımını kısıtlamaktadır. Deney hayvanlarının kullanıldığı modeller arasında antinosiseptif ve antienflamatuar testler önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Diyare ve ülser gibi gastro intestinal sistem bozuklukları, karaciğer hasarı modelleri, alerjenlere duyarlılık ve astım modelleri diğer yaygın kullanılan testlerdir. Günümüz dünyasında yaygınlığı giderek artan diyabet ve kalp damar hastalıkları ve bu hastalıkların tedavileri ile ilgili modeller bulunmaktadır. Sık görülen bir nörolojik bozukluk olan epilepsi de yaygın biçimde deney hayvanlarında modellenmektedir. Etik ilkeler gözetilerek yapıldığı sürece hayvan modelleri uzun bir süre daha tıbbi bilgilerin oluşmasında temel veri kaynaklarının başında yer almaya devam edecektir.
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