A Study on the factors affecting Arabesk music preference as it was perceived and felt emotions by participants<p>Hissedilen ve algılanan duygular bağlamında Arabesk müzik beğenisini etkileyen faktörler üzerine bir araştırma
Keywords:
Arabesk music, felt emotion, perceived emotion, arabesk taste, effects of lyrics, tempo, maqam and social context, arabesk müzik, hissedilen duygu, algılanan duygu, arabesk beğenisi, şarkı sözü, makam ve sosyal bağlamın etkileriAbstract
Arabesk music is an endemic genre to Turkey. Theoretically, it may be deemed to include depressive feelings of grief, an intense level of sadness and anger. However, in practice there has been no empirical research to date concerning what emotion the music contains or inspires in listeners. In this study, we examined the level of felt and perceived emotions in arabesk music; at what level lyrics, tempo, and maqam have an impact on the feeling and perceiving; and which individual/social factors have the biggest effect on preference arabesk. By the results obtained, albeit relative, we aimed to deduct a profile of emotion and empirically evaluate the musical, individual and social dimensions' impact on the reason why arabesk is preferred. A total of (n=146) participants ranged from 15-49 year old (28%) female (72%) and men (n = 75) arabesk lovers and (53%) female (47%) and male (n = 71) music students. Both groups were given questionnaires prepared for them. Then, in five different maqams and tempos, eight different arabesk songs were played for participants. In the evaluation process, arabesk lovers were requested to grade their feelings and music students were requested to grade their perceptions in a 5-point Likert scale (1 = felt nothing, perceived nothing; 5 = felt a lot, perceived a lot). Geneva Emotion Music Scale, GEMS, which was developed by Zentner Grandjean & Scherer (2008), was used to evaluate the types of emotion. The findings obtained, as predicted, showed that the sadness factor is very distinctive in almost all instances. However, a feeling of sadness wasn’t found at a level predicted among arabesk lovers. Moreover, it was understood that together with the sense of sadness and tension, the music induced intense nostalgia, tenderness and peacefulness; and in a very low rate, it caused power, wonder and a transcendence factor. Also, statistically, there were significant differences between arabesk lovers’ feelings and music students’ perceptions. The arabesk lovers’ average turned out to be higher than music students for the factors of wonder, peacefulness, power, tenderness, transcendence and joy. On the other hand, the music students’ average came out higher than arabesk lovers’ in two instances regarding the sadness and tension factors. In terms of gender, men preferred it more. Additionally, as average age increased, arabesk preferred also increased. The largest determining factor in preference for this genre was found to be in the lyrics associated with listening needs, compliance with personality traits, reflection of inner world, relaxation and a need to calm down. In terms of social factors, as preference for arabesk increased, the level of education decreased; moreover, feelings of sadness were found more among men and people of a low income level. Additionally, ones social circle was found to be the determiner with the highest frequency value.
Özet
Arabesk müzik Türkiye’ye özgü bir türdür. Teorik düzeyde yoğun olarak üzüntü, öfke, keder gibi depresif duygular içerdiği kabul edilebilir. Ancak günümüze kadar pratikte bu müziğin hangi duyguları içerdiği ya da hissettirdiğiyle ilgili herhangi bir ampirik araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, arabesk müzikte hissedilen ve algılanan duyguların düzeyi; şarkı sözü, tempo ve makamın hissetme ve algıyı ne düzeyde etkilediği ve arabeskin tercih edilmesinde en çok hangi bireysel/sosyal faktörlerin etkili olduğu incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlarla bir duygu profili çıkarmak ve bu türün sevilmesinde müziksel, bireysel ve sosyal boyutların etkisini ampirik olarak değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Uygulama 15-49 yaş aralığında (%28) kız (%72) erkek (n=75) arabesk hayranı ve (%53) kız (%47) erkek (n=71) müzik öğrencisi ile toplamda (n=146) katılımcıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her iki grup önce kendileri için hazırlanan anketleri doldurmuşlardır. Sonra katılımcılara beş farklı makamda ve tempoda sekiz adet arabesk şarkı dinletilmiştir. Uygulama sürecinde, arabesk hayranlarından müziği dinledikleri anda hissettikleri duyguları, müzik öğrencilerinden ise algıladıkları duyguları beşli Likert ölçekle (1= hiç bir şey hissetmedim, algılamadım; 5= pek çok hissettim, algıladım) belirlemeleri istenmiştir. Duygu türlerini değerlendirmede Zentner, Grandjean & Scherer’in (2008) geliştirdikleri Cenova Müzik Duygu Ölçeği (Geneva Emotion Music Scale, GEMS) modelinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, öngörüldüğü gibi hem hissetme hem algılama boyutlarında üzüntü faktörünün neredeyse bütün örneklerde belirginleştiğini göstermektedir. Ancak arabesk hayranları arasında üzüntü hissiyatı varsayıldığı gibi yüksek düzeylerde çıkmamıştır. Dahası, üzüntü ve gerilim hissiyle birlikte yoğun oranda nostalji, hassasiyet ve sakinlik, düşük oranlarda ise güç, hayranlık ve aşkınlık faktörlerinin oluştuğu anlaşılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra arabesk izlerkitlenin hissetme oranıyla müzik öğrencilerinin algılama oranları arasında anlamlı farklılıklar oluşmuştur. Hayranlık, sakinlik, güç, hassasiyet, aşkınlık ve eğlendirici faktörlerinde arabesk hayranlarının ortalaması müzik öğrencilerinin ortalamasından daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Diğer yandan müzik öğrencilerinin ortalamaları, iki örneğin üzüntü ve gerilim faktöründe arabesk hayranlarının ortalamalarına göre daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Cinsiyet açısından arabeskin erkekler arasında daha fazla sevildiği, bununla birlikte yaş oranı yükseldikçe arabeske duyulan hayranlığın arttığı belirlenmiştir. Müziksel özellikler açısından türün sevilmesinde en fazla etkiyi şarkı sözlerinin yarattığı, dinleme ihtiyacıyla ilişkili olarak kişilik özelliklerine uygunluk, iç dünyada hissedilen bazı duyguların yansıtılması ve rahatlama-sakinleşme faktörlerinin belirginleştiği görülmüştür. Sosyal faktörler bakımından arabeske hayranlık arttıkça eğitim düzeyinin düştüğü, diğer yandan hüzün hissiyatının erkeklerde ve gelir düzeyi düşük katılımcılarda daha fazla bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Buna ek olarak türün benimsenmesinde frekans değeri en yüksek sosyal etken yakın arkadaş çevresi olmuştur.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ali, S. O., Peynircioğlu, Z. F. (2006). Songs and emotions: Are lyrics and melodies equal partners? Psychology of Music, 34, 511–534. doi: 10.1177/0305735606067168
Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A. (2007). Personality and music: Can traits explain how people use music in everyday life? British Journal of Psychology 98, 175–185.
Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Fagan, P., Furnham, A. (2010). Personality and uses of music as predictors of preferences for music consensually classified as happy, sad, complex, and social. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4, 205–213.
Ching-Fang, H., Shun-Wen, W. (2007) The Relationship Between Music Excerpts and Emotional Responses of Undergraduate Students. The International Journal of Arts Education, http://ed.arte.gov.tw/uploadfile/periodical/1656_arts_education51_033053.pdf
Eerola, T., Vuoskoski, J.K. (2010). A comparison of the discrete and dimensional models of emotion in music. Psychology of Music, 39(1) 18–49. doi: 10.1177/0305735610362821
Evans, P., Schubert, E. (2008). Relationships between expressed and felt emotions in music. Musicae Scientiae, 12, 75–99.
Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & T. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 45–60). New York: Wiley
Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T. (2006). Music and aggression. The impact of sexual-aggressive song lyrics on aggression-related thoughts, emotions and behavior toward the same and the opposite sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1165–1176.
Gabrielsson, A. (2002). Emotion perceived and emotion felt: Same or different? Musicae Scientiae, Special Issue 2001–2002, 123–147.
Garrido, S., Schubert, E. (2011). Negative emotion in music: What is the attraction? A qualitative study. Emprical Musicology Review, 6, 214–230.
Huron, D. (2011). Why is sad music pleasurable? A possible role for prolactin. Musicae Scientiae, 15(2) 146–158. doi: 10.1177/1029864911401171
Işık, C., Erol, N. (2013). Arabesk ve Müslüm Gürses. Kültürel Dünyamızı Anlamak. Ecem Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Izard, C, E. (2007). Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Association for Psychological Science, 2(3).
Janata, P., Barrett, F. S., Grimm, Robins, R. W., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C. (2010). Music-Evoked Nostalgia: Affect, Memory, and Personality. American Psychological Association, 10(3), 390–403. doi: 10.1037/a0019006
Juslin, P. N. (2011). “Music and emotion: seven questions, seven answers” in Music and the mind: Essays in honour of John Sloboda, eds I. Deliège and J.W. Davidson (Oxford: OUP), 113–135.
Juslin, P.N., Laukka, P. (2004). Expression, perception, and induction of musical emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research, 33, 217–238. doi: 10.1080/0929821042000317813
Juslin, P.N., Västfjäll, D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 559-621. doi:10.1017/S0140525X08005293
Kallinen, K., Ravaja, N. (2006). Emotion perceived and emotion felt: Same and different. Musicae Scientiae, 10, 191–213.
Kawakami, A., Furukawa, K., Katahira, K., Okanoya, K. (2013). Sad music induces pleasant emotion. Frontiers in Psychology, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00311
Khalfa, S., Roy, M., Rainville, P., Dalla Bella, S., Peretz, I. (2008a). Role of tempo entrainment in psychophysiological differentiation of happy and sad music? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 68(1), 17–26.
Lamont, A. (2011). University students’ strong experiences of music: Pleasure, engagement, and meaning. Musicae Scientiae, 15, 229–249.
Liljeström, S. (2011). Emotional reactions to music: Prevalance and contributing factors. Doktora tezi, Uppsala Üniversitesi, Uppsala.
Liljeström, S., Juslin, P.N. & Västfjäll, D. (2012). Experimental evidence of the roles of music choice, social context, and listener personality in emotional reactions to music. Psychology of Music, 41(5), 579–599. doi: 10.1177/0305735612440615
Mori, K. (2009). The influence of the meaning of lyrics on the expressed emotion of music valence. Proceedings of the second international conference of students of systematic musicology, 53–58, Ghent, Belgium.
Mori, K., Iwanaga, M. (2013). Pleasure generated by sadness: Effect of sad lyrics on the emotions induced by happy music. Psychology of Music, 42, 643-652. doi: 10.1177/0305735613483667
North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J. (2008). The social and applied psychology of music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Özbek, M. (1991). Popüler Kültür ve Orhan Gencebay Arabeski. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
Öztürk, L., Erseven, H., Ati, M.F. (2009). Makamdan Şifaya. İş bankası kültür yayınları, İstanbul.
Panksepp, J. (1995). The emotional sources of “chills” induced by music. Music Perception, 13, 171–207.
Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D. (2003). The do re mi’s of everyday life: The structure and personality correlates of music preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1236–1256.
Ok, Ü., Erdal, B. (2015). Religious and demographic indicators of music preference in a Turkish sample. Musicae Scientiae, 19(1). doi:10.1177/1029864914558965
Saarikallio, S., Erkkilä, J. (2007). The role of music in adolescents’ mood regulation. Psychology of Music, 35, 88–109.
Schellenberg, E.G., Peretz, I., & Vieillard, S. (2008). Liking for happy- and sad-sounding music: Effects of exposure. Cognition & Emotion, 22(2), 218–237.
Scherer, K. (2004). Which emotions can be induced by music? What are the underlying mechanisms? And how can we measure them? Journal of New Music Research, 33(3), 239–251.
Schubert, E. (2013). Emotion felt by the listener and expressed by the music: literature review and theoretical perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 837. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00837
Stokes, M. (1992). Türkiye’de Arabesk Olayı. İletişim yayınları, İstanbul.
Stumbras, A., Sullivan, K., Barthakur, S., Jilot, B., Robertson, N. (2013) The effect of song lyrics on the emotional and physiological response to music. http://jass.neuro.wisc.edu/2013/01/602-14%20Final%20draft.pdf
Sloboda, J. A., O’Neill, S. A., & Ivaldi, A. (2001). Functions of music in everyday life: an
exploratory study using the Experience Sampling Method. Musicae Scientiae, 5, 9-32.
Taruffi, L., Koelsch, S. (2013). The paradox of music-evoked sadness: An online survey. http://plosone.org, 9(10), e110490.
Tekman, H. G., Hortaçsu, N. (2002a). Music and social identity: stylistic identification as a response to musical style. International Journal of Psychology, 37(5), 277-285.
Vuoskoski, J. K., Eerola, T. (2011). Measuring music-induced emotion: A comparison of emotion models, personality biases, and intensity of experiences. Musicae Scientiae, 15(2), 159–173. doi: 10.1177/1029864911403367
Vuoskoski, J. K., Thompson, W. F., McIlwain, D., Eerola, T. (2012). Who enjoys listening to sad music and why? Music Perception, 29, 311–317.
Zentner, M., Eerola, T. (2011). “Self-report Measurements” in Juslin, P. N., & Sloboda, J. A. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zentner, M., Gradjean, D., Scherer, K. R. (2008). Emotions Evoked by the Sound of Music: Characterization, Classification, and Measurement. American Psychological Association, 8, (4), 494–521 doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.494
Zentner, M. (2011). Homer’s Prophecy: An Essay on Music’s Primary Emotions. Music Analysis, 29/i-ii-iii. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2249.2011.00322.x
Zwaag, D. M., Westerink, H.D.M.J., Broek, L.E. (2011). Emotional and psychophysiological responses to tempo, mode, and percussiveness. Musicae Scientiae, 15(2) 250–269. doi: 10.1177/1029864911403364
Yarar, B. (2008). Politics of/and popular music. An analysis of the history of arabesk music from the 1960s to the 1990s in Turkey. Cultural Studies, 22, 1 pp. 35-79.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors can retain copyright, while granting the journal right of first publication. Alternatively, authors can transfer copyright to the journal, which then permits authors non-commercial use of the work, including the right to place it in an open access archive. In addition, Creative Commons can be consulted for flexible copyright licenses.
©1999 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.