Intimate partner violence against women: Effects of power distance, individualism and economy<p>Kadına yönelik yakın partner şiddeti: Güç mesafesi, bireycilik ve ekonominin etkisi
Keywords:
Intimate partner violence, culture, economy, power distance, individualism, yakın partner şiddeti, kültür, ekonomi, güç mesafesi, bireycilikAbstract
The aim of the present study is to examine the varying rates of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) across countries with respect to Hofstede's (2001) power distance and individualism culture dimensions and investigate the possible mediating role of country economy in these relationships. The sample of the study was composed of the values of 25 countries on the study variables. The points of countries on culture dimensions were obtained from Hofstede (2001) open data source. Gross national income per capita (GNIPC) was used as indicator of the economic development of the countries, and the values were taken from World Health Organization report (2013a). Physical and sexual IPV rates of countries were obtained from United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women data set (UN WOMEN, 2011). Countries having points in all three data sets were included in the study. Findings indicated that at cross-cultural level, physical and sexual IPV were significantly and positively correlated with power distance and they were significantly and negatively correlated with individualism and GNIPC. Additionally, mediation analyses showed that GNIPC significantly mediated both the relationship between power distance and physical IPV and power distance and sexual IPV. However, although GNIPC significantly mediated the relationship between individualism and physical IPV, did not mediate the relationship between individualism and sexual IPV.
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı, ülkelerarası farklılaşan fiziksel ve cinsel yakın partner şiddeti (YPŞ) oranlarının, Hofstede (2001)’nin kültürel boyutlarından güç mesafesi ve bireycilik/toplulukçuluk ile ilişkisini incelemek ve ülke ekonomisinin bu ilişkilerdeki olası aracı etkisini saptamaktır. Çalışmanın örneklemi, 25 ülkenin ilgili boyutlardan aldığı değerlerden oluşturmaktadır. Ülkelerin kültür boyutlarındaki değerleri, Hosftede (2001) açık veri setinden elde edilmiştir. Kişi Başına Düşen Gayri Safi Milli Hasıla (GSMH), ülkelerin ekonomik durumunun göstergesi olarak kabul edilmiş ve değerler Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Raporu’ndan (WHO, 2013a) alınmıştır. Çalışmaya dahil edilen ülkelerdeki YPŞ oranları ise, Birleşmiş Milletler Cinsiyet Eşitliği ve Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi Birimi (UN WOMEN, 2011) tarafından derlenen veri setinden elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, ülkeler düzeyinde, kadına yönelik fiziksel ve cinsel YPŞ oranlarının, güç mesafesi ile anlamlı düzeyde ve olumlu yönde, bireycilik ve kişi başına düşen GSMH ile anlamlı düzeyde ve olumsuz yönde bir ilişkisinin olduğu ortaya koymuştur. Aracı etki analizleri, kişi başına düşen GSMH’nın güç mesafesi ile fiziksel ve cinsel YPŞ ve bireycilik ile fiziksel YPŞ ilişkisine aracılık ettiğini; buna karşın bireycilik ile cinsel YPŞ ilişkisine aracılık etmediğini göstermiştir.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Archer, J. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in physical aggression partners: A social-role analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 133-153.
Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health cosequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet, 359, 1331-1336.
Catala-Minana, A., Walker, K., Bowen, E. & Lila, M. (2014). Cultural Differences in Personality and Aggressive Behavior in Intimate Partner Violence Offenders: A Comparison of English and Spanish Offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(14), 2652-2669.
Cox, P. L., Friedman, B. A. & Tribunella, T. (2011). Relationships among cultural dimensions, national gross domestic product, and environmental sustainability. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 12(6), 46-56.
Dillon, G., Hussain, R., Loxton, D. & Rahman, S. (2013). Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: A review of the literature. International Journal of Family Medicine, 13, 1-15.
Do, K. N., Weiss, B. & Pollack, A. (2013). Cultural beliefs, intimate partner violence and mental health functioning among Vietnamese women. Int Perspect Pschol. 2(3), 1-22.
Dutton, M. A. & Goodman, L. A. (2005). Coercion in intimate partner violence: Toward a new conceptualization. Sex Roles, 52, 743-756.
Gödelek, K. (2005). Güç, iktidar bağlamında kadına yönelik şiddet. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (İLKE), 15, 97-107.
Gökulu, G. ve Hosta, N. (2013). Basında kadına yönelik şiddet haberlerinin analizi: Hürriyet, Sabah ve Posta gazeteleri örneği (2005-2008). The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies,6(2), 1829-1850.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M. & Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending Violence Against Women Population Reports. Series L, No. 11. Baltimore: John Hopkins University School of Public Health. Population Information Program.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. 2nd Edition, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
Jewkes, R. (2002). Intimate Partner Violence: Causes and prevention. The Lancet, 359, 1423-1429.
Karal, D. ve Aydemir, E. (2012). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu, Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi, USAK Rapor No: 12-01. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
Kardam, F. ve Yüksel, İ. (2009). Aile içi şiddet algısı: Niteliksel araştırma sonuçları. T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü, Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile içi Şiddet, 103-165, Ankara.
Koenig, M. A., Stephenson, R.,Ahmed, S., Jejeebhoy, S. J. & Campbell J (2006). Individual and Contextual Determinants of Domestic Violence in North India. American Journal of Public Health, 96(1), 132-138.
Maxwell, L., Devries, K., Zionts, D., Alhusen, J. L. & Campbell, J. (2015). Estimating the effect of intimate partner violence on women’s use of contraception: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS ONE, 10(2), 1-25.
Negy, C., Ferguson, C. J., Galvanovskis, A. & Smither, R. (2013). Predicting violence: A cross-national study of United States and Mexican young adults. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 54-70.
Papamarcos, S. D. & Watson, G. W. (2006). Culture’s consequences for economic development: An empirical examination of culture, freedom, and market performance. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 2(1), 32-41.
Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. (2008). A symptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Ralston, D.A., Egri, C.P., Stewart, S., Terpstra, R.H. & Yu, K. (1999). Doing business in 21st century with the new generation of Chinese managers: A study of generational shifts in work values. Journal of International Business. 30(2), 415-428.
Schuler, S.R., Lenzi, R., Nazneen, S. & Bates, L.M. (2013). Perceived Decline in Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Bangladesh: Qualitative Evidence. Studies in Family Planning, 44(3), 243-257.
T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (2009). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile İçi Şiddet. 1 Kasım 2015 tarihinde http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TKAA2008-AnaRapor.pdf adresinden erişildi.
Uluocak, Ş., Gökulu, G. ve Bilir, O. Kadına yönelik şiddetin önlenmesinde stratejik bir başlangıç noktası: Partner şiddeti. International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(2), 362-387.
Unwomen, (2011). Violence against women prevalence data: Surveys by country. 1 Haziran 2015 tarihinde http://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/vaw_prevalence_matrix_15april_2011.pdf adresinden erişildi.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2005). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses. 2 Haziran 2015 tarihinde http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf adresinden erişildi.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women. Intimate partner violence. 1 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77432/1/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf adresinden erişildi.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2013a). Global status report on road safety: Time for action. 7 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44122/1/9789241563840_eng.pdf adresinden erişildi.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2013b). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. 29 Kasım 2015 tarihinde http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85239/1/9789241564625_eng.pdf?ua=1 adresinden erişildi.
Yıldırım, A. (1998). Sıradan şiddet: Kadına ve çocuğa yönelik şiddetin toplumsal kaynakları. İstanbul: Boyut Kitapları.
Yoshioka, M. R., & Choi, D. Y. (2005). Culture and interpersonal violence research: Paradigm shift to create a full continuum of domestic violence services. Journal of Interpersonel Violence, 20(4), 513-519.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors can retain copyright, while granting the journal right of first publication. Alternatively, authors can transfer copyright to the journal, which then permits authors non-commercial use of the work, including the right to place it in an open access archive. In addition, Creative Commons can be consulted for flexible copyright licenses.
©1999 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.