The development of the organizational silence scale: Validity-reliability study
Keywords:
Silence, organizational silence, teacher, validity, reliabilityAbstract
The aim of this study is to develop an Organizational Silence Scale based on primary school teachers’ perceptions. The sample set of research were chosen from the population with the multi-stage sampling method. The first stage was stratified sampling and the second stage was simple random sampling. The sample of the study consisted of 15 schools and 414 teachers were have been working in primary schools of Ministry of National Education in 5 Central education districts of Aksaray, Turkey. For this purpose, an Organizational Silence Scale comprised of 38 items was developed. According to preliminary study on the scale, exploratory factor analysis was done. The KMO value was 0,98 and the Barlett`s Test of Sphericity reached statistical significance and 5 factors were obtained with the remained 36 items. Factor analysis of the scale revealed that the evaluation items cluster into 5 factors that account for 87,76% of the total variance. The explained variance of factors were 18,49%; 18,49%; 16,92%; 16,38% and 15,30% respectively. According to the literature, these factors were named respectively as Individual, Administrative, Organizational Culture, Colleagues and Pressure Groups. In addition to test validity of the scale, first and second order confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Also, Cronbach Alpha values ranged from 0,97 to 0,99. Total Cronbach Alpha value was 0,95 and item total value was between 0,79 and 0,84. The obtained values of the scale showed that scale is valid and reliable.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Afşar, L. (2013). Correlation of organizational silence and organizational trust: A research on the subject (Master's Thesis). İstanbul University, İstanbul.
Aldatmaz, E. (2002). Education unions in Turkey and the evulation of the activities (Master's Thesis). Gazi University, Ankara.
Alparslan, A. M. (2010). The interaction between organizational silence climate and employee silence behavior: A survey on instructors of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University (Master's Thesis). Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta.
Batmunkh, M. (2011). The relationship of leadership styles between organizational commitment and organizational silence and a research (Master's Thesis). Marmara University, İstanbul.
Bayram, T. Y. (2010). Organizational silence in universities (Master's Thesis). Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu.
Baysal, Ö. (2006). Elementary school teachers attitudes toward vocational organization (union): As a sample of Uşak province (Master's Thesis). Kocatepe University, Afyon.
Bildik, B. (2009). The relationship between the leadership styles, organizational silence and organizational commitment (Master's Thesis). Gebze High-Tech Institute, Gebze.
Blau, P. M., & Scott, W. R. (1962). Formal organizations: A comparative approach. San Francisco: Chandler.
Botero, I. C., & Dyne, L. V. (2009). Employee voice behavior: Interactive effects of LMX and power distance in the United States and Colombia. Management Communication Quarterly, 23(1), 84-104. doi:10.1177/0893318909335415
Bowen, F., & Blackmon, K. (2003). Spirals of silence: The dynamic effects of diversity on organizational voice. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1393-1417.
Brinsfield, C. T. (2009). Employee silence: Investigation of dimensionality, development of measures, and examination of related factors, dissertation (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
Brinsfield, C. T., Edwards, M. S., & Greenberg, J. (2009). Voice and silence in organizations: Historical review and current conceptualizations. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations (pp. 3-37). UK: Emerald.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Data analysis handbook for the social sciences. Statistics, research design, SPSS and comments. Ankara: Pegem A.
Cemaloğlu, N. (2012). Psychological aspects of school. S. Özdemir (Ed.), In Turkish education system and school management (pp. 197-229). Ankara: PegemA.
Crockett, D. A. (2013). Teacher silence in South Carolina public schools (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis database. (UMI No. 3609143)
Çakıcı, A. (2007). Silence at organizations: Theoretical backgrounds of silence and its Dynamics. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 16(1), 145-162.
Çakıcı, A. (2008). A research on issues, causes and perceptional results of silence at organizations. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 17(1), 117-134.
Çakıcı, A. (2010). Employee silence in organizations, Why do we prefer to remain silent? Ankara: Detay.
Çakıcı, A., & Çakıcı, A. C. (2007, November, 21-23). A research on the perceived consequences of silence in the hotel business. Çeşme National Tourism Symposium Proceedings, 481-489.
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Multivariate statistics for the social sciences, SPSS and LISREL applications. Ankara: Pegem.
Deming, W. E. (1994). Out of the crisis: Quality, productivity and competitive position. USA: Cambridge University.
Detert, J. R., & Edmondson, A. C. (2005). No exit, no voice: The bind of risky voice opportunities in organizations. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, 1-6.
Ellis, J. B., & Dyne, L. V. (2009). Voice and silence as observers’ reactions to defensive voice: Prediction based on communication competence theory. In J. Greenberg, & M. S. Edwards (Eds.), Voice and silence in organizations (pp. 37-61). Bingley: Emerald
Eraslan, L. (2012). Evaluation of today’s teacher unionism. Education and Society in the 21st Century, 1(1), 59-72.
Eraslan, L. (2013). Perceptions of prospective teachers union. Unpublished Research Report, Ankara.
Erdoğan, E. (2011). The relationship between effective leadership, organizational silence and performance (Master's Thesis). Gebze High-Tech Institute, Gebze.
Erol, G. (2012). The relationship between leadership styles and organizational silence: A study on hotels (Master's Thesis). Balıkesir University, Balıkesir.
Gül, M. H. (2007). The existing education unions in Turkey, the viewpoints of theseunions regarding the main problems of education, the evaluation of their activities and efficiencies and the points of view of the teachers concerning these onions (Master's Thesis). Yeditepe University, İstanbul.
Gül, H., & Özcan, N. (2011). The relationshpis between mobbing and organizational silence: An empirical study in the special provincial administration of Karaman. Journal of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Economics and Administrative Sciences, 2, 107-134.
Harvey, J. B. (1988). The Abilene paradox: The management of agreement. Organizational Dynamics, 3(1), 63-80. doi:10.1016/0090-2616(74)90005-9
Henriksen, K., & Dayton, E. (2006). Organizational silence and hidden threats to patient safety. HSR: Health Services Research, 41(4), 1539-1554. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00564.x
Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Huang, X., Van de Vliert, E., & Van der Vegt, G. (2005). Breaking the silence culture: Stimulation of participation and employee opinion withholding cross-nationally. Management and Organization Review, 1(3), 459–482.
Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Kahveci, G. (2010). The relationship between organizational silence and organizational commitment in primary schools (Master's Thesis). Fırat University, Elazığ.
Kahveci, G., & Demirtaş, Z. (2013a). School administrator and teachers’ perceptions of organizational silence. Education and Science, 38(167), 50-64.
Kahveci, G., & Demirtaş, Z. (2013b). Development study of organizational silence scale for teachers. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 12(43), 167-182.
Kayıkçı, K. (2013). Unionization in the public and education sector in Turkey, and expectations of school administrators and teachers expectations from unions. Public Administration Institute for Turkey and Middle East, 46(1), 99-126.
Kılıçlar, A., & Harbalıoğlu, M. (2014). Relationship between organizational silence and organizational citizenship behavior: A case study on five stars hotels in Antalya. Journal of Business Research, 6(1), 328-346.
Kılınç, E. (2012). Investigation of organizational citizenship behavior, organizational silence and employee performance at physicians and nurses, and the relationship among them (Master's Thesis). Cumhuriyet University, Sivas.
Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K., & Edmondson, A. C. (2009). Silenced by fear: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 163–193.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY London: The Guilford Press.
Kutlay, Y. (2012). The effect of organizational devotion and self-sufficiency of research assistants on organizational silence (Master's Thesis). Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta.
Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453-1476.
Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706-725.
Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2003). Guest editors' introduction: Speaking up, remaining silent: The dynamics of voice and silence in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1353-1358.
Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(4), 599-620. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence: A theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43-51.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The spiral of silence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Oktay, H. (2008). The obstacles which comes from the principle causes the lack of communication between the priciples and the teachers working in primary schools (Master's Thesis). Yeditepe University, İstanbul.
Özcan, N. (2011). The effect of mobbing on organizational citizenship and organizational silence: A Practice in the Administration of Special province of Karaman (Master's Thesis). Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman.
Özdemir, L., & Sarıoğlu Uğur, S. (2013). the evaluation employees’ organizational voice and silence perceptions in terms of demographic characteristics: A study in public and private sector. Journal of Ataturk University Economics and Administrative Sciences, 27(1), 257-281.
Park, C. W., & Keil, M. (2009). Organizational silence and whistle-blowing on IT projects: An integrated model. Decision Sciences, 40(4), 901-918.
Pinder, C. C., & Harlos, K. P. (2001). Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20, 331-369.
Premeaux, S. F. (2001). Breaking the silence: Toward an understanding of speaking up in the workplace (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis database. (UMI No. 3021449)
Premeaux, S. F., & Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Breaking the silence: The moderating effects of self-monitoring in predicting speaking up in the workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1537-1562.
Roberts, K. H., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1974). Failures in upward communication in organizations: Three possible culprits. The Academy of Management Journal, 17(2), 205-215.
Ryan, K. D., & Oestreich, D. K. (1991). Driving fear out of the workplace: How to overcome the invisible barriers to quality, productivity, and innovation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sarıkaya, M. (2013). Decision making processes and organizational silence (Master's Thesis). Pamukkale University, Denizli.
Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (2000). Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12(1), 3-28.
Shoemaker, P. J., Breen, M., & Stamper, M. (2000). Fear of social isolation: Testing an assumption from the spiral of silence. Irish Communications Review, 8, 65-78.
Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Structural equation modeling, basic principles and LISREL applications. Ankara: Ekinoks.
Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008). Employee silence on critical work issues: The cross level effects of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(1), 37-68.
Tavşancıl, E. (2005). The measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS. Ankara: Nobel.
Tınaz, P. (2011). Mobbing. İstanbul: Beta.
Turkish Language Institution Current Turkish Dictionary. Ankara. http://www.tdk.gov.tr (02/09/2015)
Vakola, M., & Bouradas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: An empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5), 441-458. doi: 10.1108/01425450510611997
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392.
Yasan, T. (2012). an evaluation of primary school administrators and teachers’ opinions about in educational unions to according various variables: Case of Malatya city. Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Education Journal, 31(1), 271-293.
Yıldırım, İ. S. (2007). The relationship between teachers' unions and politics in the process of unionisation in Turkey (Master's Thesis). Sakarya University, Sakarya.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors can retain copyright, while granting the journal right of first publication. Alternatively, authors can transfer copyright to the journal, which then permits authors non-commercial use of the work, including the right to place it in an open access archive. In addition, Creative Commons can be consulted for flexible copyright licenses.
©1999 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
