An examinationof fear of crime and perception of risk by gender<p>Suç korkusu ve risk algısının toplumsal cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi
Keywords:
Fear of Crime, Crime Avoidance Social Practice, Gender, Risk Perception, Suç Korkusu, Suçtan Korunma Sosyal Pratiği, Cinsiyet, Risk AlgısıAbstract
Fear of crime has become one of the most popular subjects in social sciences in the past fifty years. Primarily an area of interest in criminology, the fear of crime has lately been analysed from a sociological perspective, and personal and environmental factors that generate the fear of victimisation have been examined. Researches conducted so far suggest that the fear of crime has become one of the social problems that modern societies confront and women are more fearful of victimisation when compared to men. This study aims at understanding whether there are any differences on the fear of crime based on gender and what types of precautions females take in order to avoid crime. The survey has been carried out in the city of Mersin. A questionnaire form developed by Ferraro (1995) and adapted to Turkish language by Kul (2009) has been used. The findings obtained from the survey have confirmed the literature. Accordingly, women’s fear of crime has been found to be significantly higher than that of men. Women are most afraid of being exposed to sexual abuse and rape. Additionally, women exhibit more avoidance behaviours in order not to be a victim of crime.
Özet
Suç korkusu son 50 yılda sosyal bilimlerde popüler olan konulardandır. Öncelikle kriminolojinin ilgi alanına girdiği görülen suç korkusu daha sonraları sosyolojik perspektiften de incelenmeye başlanmış, mağduriyet korkusuna neden olan bireysel ve çevresel faktörler incelenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar suç korkusunun artık modern toplumların karşılaştığı sosyal sorunlardan birisi olduğunu, kadınların erkeklere kıyasla daha çok mağduriyet korkusu yaşadıklarını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma suç korkusunun cinsiyet açısından farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını, kadınların suçtan korunma amacıyla ne tür önlemler aldığını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma Mersin’de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Ferraro (1995) tarafından geliştirilen ve Kul (2009) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler literatürü desteklemektedir. Buna göre kadınların suç korkuları erkeklerden anlamlı düzeyde yüksektir. Kadınlar en çok cinsel taciz ve tecavüze uğramaktan korkmaktadır. Bunun yanında suç mağduriyeti yaşamamak için daha çok kaçınma davranışı sergilemektedirler.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Amerio, P. & Roccato, M. (2005). A Predictive Model for Psychological Reactions to Crime in Italy: An Analysis of Fear of Crime and Concern about Crime as a Social Problem. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15, 17–28.
Box, S,, Hale, C. & Andrews, G. (1988). Explaining Fear of Crime. British Journal of Criminology 28, 340-56.
Callanan, V. & Teasdale. B. (2009). An Exploration of Gender Differences in Measurement of Fear of Crime. Feminist Criminology, 4(4), 359-376.
Chiricos, T., Eschholz T.V., & Gertz, M. (1997). Crime, News, and Fear of Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects. Social Problems 44(3), 342–57.
Clark, J. (2003). Fear in Fear-of-Crime. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 102, 267–282.
Clemente, F. & Kleiman, M.B. (1977). Fear of Crime in the United States: A Multivariate Analysis. Social Forces, 56, 519-531.
Crowell, N. A. & Burgess, A. W. (1996). Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
Çardak, B. (2012). Kadınların Suç Korkuları Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 23-45.
Deakin, J. (2006). Dangerous People, Dangerous Places: The Nature and Location of Young People’s Victimisation and Fear. Children & Society, 20, 376–390.
Dolu, O. (2011). Suç Teorileri: Teori, Araştırma ve Uygulamada Kriminoloji (3. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin.
Doran, B.J. & Burgess, M.B. (2011). Putting Fear of Crime on the Map: Inverstigating Perceptions of Crime Using Geographic Information Systems. Springer.
Dubow, F., Mccabe, E. & Kaplan, G. (1979). Reactions to Crime: A Critical Review of the Literature. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice; U.S. Government Printing Office.
Ecevit, Y. (2011). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Sosyolojisine Başlangıç. Y. Ecevit ve N. Karkıner (Ed.), Toplumsal Cinsiyet Sosyolojisi içinde (s.2-29). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
Ferraro, K. F. & LaGrange, R. (1987). The Measurement of Fear of Crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57, 70-101.
Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk. Albany: State University of New York.
Ferguson, K. M. & Mindel, C. H. (2007). Modeling Fear of Crime in Dallas Neighborhoods: A Test of Social Capital Theory. Crime & Delinquency, 53(2), 322-349.
Fisher, B.S. & Sloan J. J. III. (2003). Unraveling the Fear of Sexual Victimization Among College Women: Is the ‘Shadow of Sexual Assault’ Hypothesis Supported? Justice Quarterly, 20(3), 633–659.
Franklin, T. W., Franklin, C. A. & Fearn, N. E. (2008). A Multilevel Analysis of the Vulnerability, Disorder, and Social Integration Models of Fear of Crime. Social Justice Research, 21(2), 204–227.
Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimization and the Fear of Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 80-97.
Gardner, C.B. (1989). Analyzing Gender in Public Places: Rethinking Goffman’s Vision of Everyday Life. The American Sociologist, 20(1), 42-56.
Giddens, A. (2008). Sosyoloji (5. Basım) (Cemal Güzel, Çev.) İstanbul: Kırmızı.
Gilchrist, E., Bannister, J., Ditton, J. & Farrall, S. (1998). Women and Fear of Crime: Challenging the Accepted Stereotype. British Journal of Criminology, 38, 283-298.
Gordon, M. T. & Riger, S. (1989). The Female Fear. New York: The Free Press.
Goodey, J. (1997). Boys Don’t Cry: Masculinities, Fear of Crime and Fearlessness. British Journal of Criminology, 37, 401-418.
Hale, C. (1996). Fear of Crime: A Review of the Literature. International Review of Victimology, 4, 79–150.
Hollander, J. A.(2001). Vulnerability and Dangerousness: The Construction of Gender Through Conversation About Violence. Gender & Society 15, 83–109.
Hwang, E. (2006). A Multilevel Test of Fear of Crime: The Effect of Social Conditions and Perceived community Policing Activities in a Megalopolis. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Michigan State University/School of Criminal Justice, Michigan.
Jennett, C. (1998). Qualitative Review. Fear of Crime (Volume 1) içinde (s. 29-62). Erişim Adresi, http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/1998-foc1.pdf
Karasar, N. (2000). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel.
Karasu, M. A. (2012). Kent ve Suç Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Çerçeve. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2),175-193.
Karakuş, Ö. (2013). Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 1-19.
Keane, C. (1992). Fear of Crime in Canada: An Examination of Concrete and Formless Fear of Victimization. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 34(2), 215 -224.
Kelly, L. (1996). It’s Everywhere: Sexual Violence as a Continuum. Stevi Jackson ve Sue Scott (Ed.), Feminism & Sexuality: A Reader içinde (s. 191-206). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Kızmaz, Z. (2012). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Suç: Suç Oranlarının Artışı Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Çözümleme. Mukaddime, 5, 52-74.
Killias, M., & Clerici, C. (2000). Different Measures of Vulnerability in Their Relation to Different Dimensions of Fear of Crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 40, 437–450.
Kul, M. (2009). Toplumda Suça İlişkin Korkunun Yapılaşması. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi/Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Liska, A.E., Sanchirico, A. & Reed, M.D. (1988). Fear of Crime and Constrained Behaviour: Specifying and Estimating a Reciprocal Effects Model. Social Forces, 66, 827-837
LaGrange, R.L. & Ferraro, K.F. (1989). Assesing Age and Gender Differences in Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime. Criminology, 27, 697-719.
Miceli, R., Roccato, M. & Rosato, R. (2004). Fear of Crime in Italy: Spread an Determinants. Environment and Behavior, 36, 776–789.
Miethe, T.D. (1995). Fear and Withdrawal From Urban Life. ANNALS, AAPSS, 539, 14-27.
Özaşçılar, M. ve Ziyalar, N. (2009). Suç Korkusu: İstanbul’da Yaşayan 18–25 Yaş Grubu Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Mağdur Olma Riskleri Hakkındaki Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Adli Bilimler Dergisi,8,7-17.
Pain, R. H. (1997). Social Geographies of Women’s Fear of Crime. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. New Series, 22(2), 231-244.
Pantazis, C. (2000). Fear of Crime; Vulnerability and Poverty. British Journal Criminology. 40, 414-436.
Rader, N. E., May, D. C., & Goodrum, S. (2007). An Empırıcal Assessment of the Threat of Vıctımızatıon: Consıderıng Fear of Crıme, Perceıved Rısk, Avoıdance, and Defensıve Behavıors. Sociological Spectrum, 27, 475–505.
Rader, N. E. (2008). Gendered Fear Management Strategies: Intersections of Doing Gender and Fear Management Strategies in Women’s Lives. Sociological Focus, 41(1), 34–52.
Rountree, P. W. ve Land, K. (1996) Perceived Risk Versus Fear of Crime: Empirical Evidence of Conceptually Distinct Reactions in Survey Data. Social Forces, 74, 1354–1377.
Sampson, R. J. (1991) Linking the Micro and Macrolevel Dimensions of Community Social Organization, Social Forces 70(1), 43-64.
Scott, H. (2003). Stranger Danger: Explaining Wmen’s Fear of Crime. Western Criminology Review, 4(3), 203-214.
Skogan, W. G. & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping With Crime: Individual and Neighbourhood Reactions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Sönmez, V., ve Alacapınar, F. (2013). Örneklendirilmiş Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Anı Yayınevi.
Stanko, E. (1995). Women, Crime, and Fear. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 46-58.
Smith, W. R. & Torstensson, M. (1997). Gender Differences in Risk Perception and Neutralizing Fear of Crime. British Journal of Criminology 37(4), 608–634.
Smith, M. D. (1988). Women's Fear of Violent Crime: An Exploratory Test of a Feminist Hypothesis. Journal of Family Violence, 3, 29- 38.
Sutton, R. M. & Farrall, S. (2005). Gender, Socially Desirable Responding and Fear of Crime: Are Women Really More Anxious About Crime. British Journal of Criminology, 45, 212-224.
Tulloch, M. (1998). Quantitative Review. Fear of Crime (Volume 1) içinde (s.7-29). Criminology Research Council. Erişim Adresi: http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/1998-foc1.pdf
Uludağ, Ş. (2010). Vatandaşların Suç Korku (Güvenlik Endişesi) Seviyesine Etki Eden Faktörler ve Alınabilecek Önlemler: Malatya Örneği, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 12 (1), 1-28.
Yeoh, B. S. A. & Yeow, P. L. (1997). Where Women Fear To Tread: Images of Danger and the Effects of Fear of Crime in Singapore. Geojournal, 43(3), 273-286.
Yin, P. (1980). Fear of Crime Among the Elderly: Some Issues and Suggestions. Social Problems, 27, 492-504.
Young, V. D. (1992). Fear of Victimization and Victimization Rates Among Women: A Paradox? Justice Quarterly, 9 (3), 419-441.
Yücel, M. T. (2009). Suç Korkusu ve Etkisinin Nötrleştirilmesi. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 83, 278-301.
Valentine, G. (1992). Images of Danger: Women’s Sources of Information About the Spatial Distribution of Male Violence. Area, 24, 22–29.
Warr, M. (1984). Fear of Victimization: Why are Women and the Elderly More Afraid? Social Science Quarterly, 65, 681-702.
Warr, M. (1985). Fear of Rape Among Urban Women. Social Problems, 32(3), 238-250.
Warr, M. & Ellison, C. G. (2000). Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households. American Journal of Sociology, 106(3), 551-578.
Warr, M. (2000). Fear of Crime in the United States: Avenues For Research and Policy. David Duffee (Ed.), Criminal Justice 2000: Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice (Vol. 4) içinde (s. 451-489). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors can retain copyright, while granting the journal right of first publication. Alternatively, authors can transfer copyright to the journal, which then permits authors non-commercial use of the work, including the right to place it in an open access archive. In addition, Creative Commons can be consulted for flexible copyright licenses.
©1999 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
