Assessment of urban development pattern and urban sprawl using Shannon’s entropy: A case study of Konya (Turkey)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v18i2.6158Keywords:
Urban sprawl, urban planning, Urban growth, Shannon’s entropy, KonyaAbstract
Defined as the uncontrolled expansion of cities toward their periphery, urban sprawl emerges during urban developments where the urban area grows more than the population increase. Furthermore, land-related demands emerge for the needs regarding settlement and infrastructure due to certain reasons such as the increase in the urban population, industrialization and lifestyle changes. As these demands are met through irregular area use, cities expand toward their peripheral areas more than necessary. Moreover, natural resources and agricultural areas are damaged, infrastructure and transportation costs increase, urban functions get separated, and social and financial issues occur. The problem of urban sprawl is one of the major issues suffered by the global cities in the last decades. For Turkey where approximately 75% of the population live in cities, examining the urban developments and specifying the rate of urban sprawl is critical. This study aimed to assess the case study of urban development and sprawl in Konya (Turkey). It first examined the population and urban area in the urban plans guiding the urban development pattern. Then, the study analyzed the changes the built-up areas underwent for 35 years between 1985 and 2020. As method, satellite images and GIS were used. Moreover, the level of sprawl regarding the urban development in Konya was measured based on Shannon’s Entropy Index. Finally, this study found that Konya was suffering the issue of sprawl, and it emphasized the importance of studies for guiding the activities of urban development in a sustainable manner.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Akseki, H., & Meşhur, M.Ç. (2013). Kentsel yayılma sonucu yapılaşmaya açılan verimli tarım alanları: Konya kenti deneyimleri. Megaron 2013;8(3):165-174. DOI: 10.5505/MEGARON.2013.99609
Alberti, M. (2005). The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional Science Review, 2005, vol. 28, issue 2, 168-192.
Bhatta, B. (2012). Urban growth analysis and remote sensing: a case study of Kolkata, India 1980–2010. Chapter 2. Dordrecht: Springer, 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4698-5.
Buitelaar, E., & Leinfelder, H. (2020). Public design of urban sprawl: governments and the extension of the urban fabric in Flanders and the Netherlands, Urban Planning (ISSN: 2183–7635) 2020, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 46–57. DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2669
Burchell, R. W., Listokin, D., & Galley., C. C. (2000). Smart growth: more than a ghost of urban policy past, less than a bold new horizon. Housing Policy Debate, 11 (4), 821-878.
Burton, E. (2000). The potential of the compact city for promoting social equity. in Achieving Sustainable Urban Form (eds K. Williams, E. Burton and M. Jenks), E & FN Sp on, London.
Çavuş C. Z., & Başaran Uysal, A. (2018). Çanakkale’de kentsel gelişme, yayılma ve kırsal alanlarla etkileşim Planlama 2018; (Ek 1):105–117. doi: 10.14744/planlama.2018.85547
EEA Breafing. (2006). EEA Breafing, 2006, USA Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/briefing_2006_1
EEA Report. (2006). Urban sprawl in Europe the ignored challenge. EEA Report No 10/2006 ISSN 1725-9177.
Ewing, R., Pendall, R., & Chen, D. (2002). Measuring sprawl and its impact. Smart Growth America, Washington.
Ewing, R.. (1997). Is Los Angeles style sprawl desirable? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63, 1: 107-26.
Frenkel, A., & Ashkenazi, M. (2008). Measuring urban sprawl how can we deal with it. Environment and Planning B, Planning and Design, 35, 56-79.
Galster, G., Hanson, R., Wolman, H., Ratcliffe, M.R., Wolman, H., Cole¬man, S. & Freihage, J. (2001). Wrestling sprawl to the ground: defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing Policy Debate, 12(4), 681-717.
Ghorbani, R. & Farokhisomeh, M. (2015). An analysis on urban sprawl in the Tabriz metropolitan and its fringe cities. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Special Issue-5, Dec.-2015, 82-85.
Glaser, L.E. & Kahn, M. (2004). Sprawl and urban growth, HIER, Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper, Number 2004, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Hasse, J., E., & Lathrop, R., G. (2003). Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl. Journal of Applied Geography, 23, pp.159–175.
Jat, M. K., Garg, P. K. & Khare, D. (2008). Monitoring and modelling of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniques, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 10(1): 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2007.04.002
Karakayacı, Z. & Karakayacı, Ö. (2019). Determination of urban sprawl effects on farmlands value using GIS. ICONARP International Journal of Ar¬chitecture & Planning, 7(2), 513-539.
Konya Chamber of Commerce (Konya Ticaret Odası). (2020). Konya ekonomi raporu 2019, Anadolu Ofset Konya. ısbn: 978-605-137-773-5. http://www.kto.org.tr/
Konya Metropolitan Municipality, (2018). 1/25000 ölçekli Konya çevre düzeni planı plan açıklama raporu. Konya: Egeplan – Modül Planlama. https://kentrehberi.konya.bel.tr/#/rehber/
Konya Metropolitan Municipality
Kumari, K. (2015). Urban sprawl: a case study of Lucknow City. Interna¬tional Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 4 (5): 11-20.
Liu X, et al. (2020). High-spatiotemporal-resolution mapping of global urban change from 1985 to 2015. Nature Sustainability https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0521-x. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0521-x
Mohammadi, J., Zarabi, A., & Mobaraki, O. (2012). Urban sprawl pattern and effectıve factors on them: the case of Urmia city, Iran. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, vol. IV 1, 2012, p. 77-89
OECD. (2018). Rethinking Urban Sprawl: Moving Towards Sustainable Cities, OECD Publishing, Paris.
Öncü, E. (2001). Konya Büyükşehir Alanı Kentiçi ve Yakın Çevre Ulaşım Master Planı Çalışması, Final Raporu, Yüksel Proje-Ulaşım-Art Ortaklığı, Ankara.
Özkan, K. (2020). Ekosistem çeşitliliğinin hesaplanmasına yönelik önerilen bir eşitlik. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(4): 355- 363. DOI: 10.18182/tjf.766462
Öztürk, D. (2017, a). Shannon entropi ve fraktal analiz ile kentsel yayılmanın incelenmesi: Samsun örneği. TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası, 16. Türkiye Harita Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, 3-6 Mayıs 2017, Ankara.
Öztürk, D., (2017, b). Assessment of urban sprawl using Shannon’s entropy and fractal analysis: a case study of Atakum, Ilkadim and Canik (Samsun, Turkey). Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management. ISSN 1648–6897 / eISSN 1822-4199. Vol. 25(03): 264–276. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1233881
Pendall, R. (1999). Do land use controls cause sprawl? Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, Volume 26, pp. 555-571.
Resnik, D. B. (2010). Urban sprawl, smart growth, and deliberative de¬mocracy. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1852–1856.
Sarvestani M.S., Ibrahim L. A., & Kanaroglou P. (2011). Three decades of urban growth in the city of Shiraz, Iran: A remote sensing and geographic information systems application. Cities, 28(4), 320–329. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.03.002.
Serdaroğlu Sağ, N. (2011). Dönüşüme bağlı kentsel gelişmenin yönetilmesinde bir araç olarak akıllı büyüme; Konya kenti örneği. Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
Shannon, C.E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3): 379-423.
Shenbagaraj, N., Kumar, M. N., & Stalin, J. L. (2019). Assessment of urban growth using Shannon’s Entropy Index: A case study of Chennai, Detroit of India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(2): 281- 284. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2037
Sierra Club, 1998. The dark side of the American Dream: The costs and consequences of suburban sprawl. (http://www. sierraclub.org/sprawl/report98/)
Steurer, M. & Bayr, C. (2020). Measuring urban sprawl using land use data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104799
Sudhira, H. S., Ramachandra, T. V., & Jagadish, K. S. (2004). Urban sprawl: metrics, dynamics and modelling using GIS. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5(1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2003.08.002
Sun, H., Forsythe, W., & Waters, N. (2007). Modeling urban land use change and urban sprawl: Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Networks and Spatial Economics 7(4): 353–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-007-9030-y
Taşçı, Y. ( 2000). Konplan 2020 Çevre Düzeni Planı Araştırma Raporu.
Terzi, F., & Bölen, F. (2010). Measuring urban fringing in Istan¬bul. A|Z ITU Journal of the Fac-ulty of Architecture. 9(2), 166-178.
Torrens, P. M. & Alberti, M. (2000). Measuring sprawl. CASA Working Papers 27. Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (UCL), London.
TUIK-Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (http://www.tuik.gov.tr)
UN United Nations- (2019). World Urbanization Prospects 2018 : Highlight. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf
WEB1 - https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/kentsel---kirsal-nufus-orani-i-85670
WEB2 - https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/kentsel---kirsal-nufus-orani-i-85670#_ednref1
WEB3 - https://businessht.bloomberght.com/piyasalar/haber/1486626-turkiye-30-yilda-40-milyon-dekar-tarim-arazisi kaybetti#:~:text=Yap%C4%B1la%C5%9Fman%C4%B1n%20artmas%C4%B1%20ile%20son%20olarak,tar%C4%B1m%20alan%C4%B1%20yap%C4%B1la%C5%9Fmaya%20terk%20edildi.&text=Ayr%C4%B1ca%20i%C5%9Flenmese%20de%20tar%C4%B1m%20alan%C4%B1,de%20her%20ge%C3%A7en%20y%C4%B1l%20azal%C4%B1yor
Yavuz, F. (2021). Urban sprawl: An empirical analysis for Konya Province Turkey. ITU A|Z. Vol 18 No 1, March 2021, 79-97.
Yeh, A. G. O., & Li, X. (2001). Measurement and monitoring of urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 67(1): 83–90.
Yenice, M.S. (2012). Konya kentinin planlama tarihi ve mekânsal gelişimi. Erciyes Üniver¬sitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(4), 343-350.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Human Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors can retain copyright, while granting the journal right of first publication. Alternatively, authors can transfer copyright to the journal, which then permits authors non-commercial use of the work, including the right to place it in an open access archive. In addition, Creative Commons can be consulted for flexible copyright licenses.
©1999 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
