Effect of Q angle on some performance parameters in adolescent female football players
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v22i1.6427Keywords:
Q angle, biceps femoris, vertical jump, Woman soccers, eccentric, Football, hamstringAbstract
QA (Q angle) is the line between the combined traction of the quadriceps and the patellar tendon and is associated with the biomechanical function of the lower extremity. The reason we're focusing on the Q angle in women in particular is that we think that in studies women show a higher average QA than men and can give a lot of ideas as a simple precursor parameter. This study aimed to study the effect of the Q angle in Adolescent Women's Footballers on lower extremity vertical jumping performance and the excentric power of the hamstring.
Method: A digital manual goniometer was used to measure the QA of individuals, and hamstring eccentric muscle strength NORDBORD device was used for measuring vertical jumping strength with a SmartSpeed Contact Mat half-squat vertical jump test (VJ TEST) The resulting data was normally distributed, and a Pearson correlation test and simple regression tests were applied to the analysis.
Results: When the results of simple linear regression analysis of Vertical Jump Performance according to the prediction of the Left Q angle variable were examined, it was seen that the Left Q angle was a significant predictor of the athlete's Vertical Jump performance. In addition, it is seen that there is a moderate positive relationship between Vertical Jump and Asymmetry.
Discussions: Football is a competitive game with different dynamics (sprint, change of direction, jumping, collision) and has a higher risk of disability than other sports.
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Bourne, M. N., Timmins, R. G., Opar, D. A., Pizzari, T., Ruddy, J. D., Sims, C., ... & Shield, A. J. (2018). An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury. Sports Medicine, 48, 251-267.
Bradley, R.J. (2013). The Effect of Q-Angle on Vertical Jump in Female Athletes. Master’s Thesis, Goucher College, Baltimore, MD, USA, May 2013.
Brotzman SB. (2018). Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: A Team Approach. Vol. 56. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018. Patellofemoral disorders; pp. 376–388.
Caine, D., Maffulli, N., & Caine, C. (2008). Epidemiology of injury in child and adolescent sports: injury rates, risk factors, and prevention. Clinics in sports medicine, 27(1), 19-50.
Carling, C., Bloomfield, J., Nelsen, L., & Reilly, T. (2008). The role of motion analysis in elite soccer: contemporary performance measurement techniques and work rate data. Sports medicine, 38, 839-862.
Carlock, JM, Smith, SL, Hartman, MJ, Morris, RT, Ciroslan, DA, Pierce, KC, Newton, RU, Harman, EA, Sands, WA, and Stone, MH. (2004). The relationship between vertical jump power estimates and weightlifting ability: A field-test approach. J Strength Cond Res 18: 534–539, 2004.
Cartwright, A. M. (2007). The influence of Q-angle and gender on the stair-climbing kinetics and kinematics of the knee (Master's thesis, University of Waterloo).
Cartwright, A. M. (2007). The influence of Q-angle and gender on the stair-climbing kinetics and kinematics of the knee (Master's thesis, University of Waterloo).
Chester, R., Smith, T. O., Sweeting, D., Dixon, J., Wood, S., & Song, F. (2008). The relative timing of VMO and VL in the aetiology of anterior knee pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 9, 1-14.
Chiu, L. Z., & Salem, G. J. (2012). Potentiation of vertical jump performance during a snatch pull exercise session. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28(6), 627-635.
Cometti, G., Maffiuletti, N. A., Pousson, M., Chatard, J. C., & Maffulli, N. (2001). Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of elite, sub elite and amateur French soccer players. International journal of sports medicine, 22(01), 45-51.
Contarlı, N. & Özmen, T. (2021). Relationship Between Q Angle, Dynamic Balance and Vertical Jump Height in Gymnasts. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi , 4 (3) , 32-43 .
Daneshmandi, H., Saki, F., Shahheidari, S., & Khoori, A. (2011). Lower extremity Malalignment and its linear relation with Q angle in female athletes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3349-3354.
Daneshmandi, H., Saki, F., Shahheidari, S., & Khoori, A. (2011). Lower extremity Malalignment and its linear relation with Q angle in female athletes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3349-3354.
Daugherty, H. J., Weiss, L. W., Paquette, M. R., Powell, D. W., & Allison, L. E. (2021). Potential Predictors of Vertical Jump Performance: Lower Extremity Dimensions and Alignment, Relative Body Fat, and Kinetic Variables. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(3), 616-625.
Draper, C. E., Chew, K. T., Wang, R., Jennings, F., Gold, G. E., & Fredericson, M. (2011). Comparison of quadriceps angle measurements using short-arm and long-arm goniometers: correlation with MRI. Pm&r, 3(2), 111-116.
Emery, C. A., Meeuwisse, W. H., & McAllister, J. R. (2006). Survey of sport participation and sport injury in Calgary and area high schools. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 16(1), 20-26.
Enoksen, E., Tønnessen, E., & Shalfawi, S. (2009). Validity and reliability of the Newtest Powertimer 300-series® testing system. Journal of sports sciences, 27(1), 77-84.
French, DN, Gomez, AL, Volek, JS, Rubin, MR, Ratamess, NA, Sharman, MJ, Gotshalk, LA, Sebastianelli, WJ, Putukian, M, Newton, RU, Hakkinen, K, Fleck, SJ, and Kraemer, WJ. (2004). Longitudinal tracking of muscular power changes of NCAA division I collegiate women gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 18: 101–107, 2004.
Fried, T., & Lloyd, G. J. (1992). An overview of common soccer injuries: Management and prevention. Sports Medicine, 14, 269-275.
Fried, T., & Lloyd, G. J. (1992). An overview of common soccer injuries: Management and prevention. Sports Medicine, 14, 269-275.
Ghalehgir, S., Hefzollesan, M., Jamali, B. Q., & Tofighi, A. (2014). The relationship of breaststroke training on knee pain and Q angle of breaststroke and crawl swimmers. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 7, 29-36.
Guruhan, S., Kafa, N., Ecemis, Z. B., & Guzel, N. A. (2021). Muscle activation differences during eccentric hamstring exercises. Sports Health, 13(2), 181-186.
Hewett, T. E., Ford, K. R., & Myer, G. D. (2006). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. The American journal of sports medicine, 34(3), 490-498.
Hewett, T. E., Lindenfeld, T. N., Riccobene, J. V., & Noyes, F. R. (1999). The Effect of Neuromuscular Training on the Incidence of Knee Injury in Female Athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(6), 699–706.
Hubley, C. L., & Wells, R. P. (1983). A work-energy approach to determine individual joint contributions to vertical jump performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 50, 247-254.
Insall, J., Falvo, K. A., & Wise, D. W. (1976). Chondromalacia patellae. A prospective study. JBJS, 58(1), 1-8.
Ireland, M. L. (2002). The female ACL: why is it more prone to injury? Orthopedic Clinics, 33(4), 637-651.
Jones, B. R. (2013). The Effect of Q Angle on Vertical Jump in Female Athletes.
Kolstrup, L. A., Koopmann, K. U., Nygaard, U. H., Nygaard, R. H., & Agger, P. (2016). Injuries during football tournaments in 45,000 children and adolescents. European journal of sport science, 16(8), 1167-1175.
Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Nybo, L., Petersen, J., Mohr, M., & Bangsbo, J. (2010). Recreational football as a health promoting activity: a topical review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 20, 1-13.
Kwak SD, Ahmad CS, Gardner TR, Grelsamer RP, Henry JH, Blankevoort L, et al. (2008). Hamstrings and iliotibial band forces affect knee kinematics and contact pattern. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2000; 18(1):101-08. doi: 10.1002/ jor.1100180115
Levangie PK, Norkin CC, Lewek MD. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company; (2019). Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis. Skouras, A. Z., Kanellopoulos, A. K., Stasi, S., Triantafyllou, A., Koulouvaris, P., Papagiannis, G., ... & Kanellopoulos, A. (2022). Clinical Significance of the Static and Dynamic Q-angle. Cureus, 14(5).
Luhtanen, P., & Komi, P. V. (1978). Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 38, 181-188.
Messier, S. P., & Pittala, K. A. (1988). Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 20(5), 501-505.
Moir, G. L. (2008). Three different methods of calculating vertical jump height from force platform data in men and women. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 12(4), 207-218.
Moir, G., Shastri, P., & Connaboy, C. (2008). Intersession reliability of vertical jump height in women and men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1779-1784.
Nagano, A., & Gerritsen, K. G. (2001). Effects of neuromuscular strength training on vertical jumping performance—a computer simulation study. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17(2), 113-128.
Opar, D. A., Piatkowski, T., Williams, M. D., & Shield, A. J. (2013). A novel device using the Nordic hamstring exercise to assess eccentric knee flexor strength: a reliability and retrospective injury study. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(9), 636-640.
Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., De Ste Croix, M. B., Myer, G. D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2018). An audit of injuries in six English professional soccer academies. Journal of sports sciences, 36(13), 1542-1548.
Renshaw, A., & Goodwin, P. C. (2016). Injury incidence in a Premier League youth soccer academy using the consensus statement: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open Sport—Exercise Medicine, 2(1).
Robles-Palazón, F. J., López-Valenciano, A., Croix, M. D. S., Oliver, J. L., Garcia-Gómez, A., de Baranda, P. S., & Ayala, F. (2022). Epidemiology of injuries in male and female youth football players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of sport and health science, 11(6), 681-695.
Sands, B., Caine, D. J., & Borms, J. (2003). Scientific aspects of women's gymnastics (Vol. 45). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3497-3506.
Smith, T. O., Hunt, N. J., & Donell, S. T. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Q-angle: a systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 16, 1068-1079.
Stone, M. H., O'BRYANT, H. S., McCoy, L., Coglianese, R., Lehmkuhl, M. A. R. K., & Schilling, B. (2003). Power and maximum strength relationships during performance of dynamic and static weighted jumps. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(1), 140-147.
Teixeira, K. P., Masuyama, N. A., & Folha, R. A. C. (2008). Ângulo Q e Trato Iliotibial: um estudo de correlação [Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso]. Belém: Universidade da Amazônia.
Witvrouw, E., Lysens, R., Bellemans, J., Cambier, D., & Vanderstraeten, G. (2000). Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population: a two-year prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 28(4), 480-489.
Witvrouw, E., Lysens, R., Bellemans, J., Cambier, D., & Vanderstraeten, G. (2000). Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population: a two-year prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 28(4), 480-489.
Yoo, J. H., Lim, B. O., Ha, M., Lee, S. W., Oh, S. J., Lee, Y. S., & Kim, J. G. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effect of neuromuscular training on the prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy, 18, 824-830.
Bourne, M. N., Timmins, R. G., Opar, D. A., Pizzari, T., Ruddy, J. D., Sims, C., ... & Shield, A. J. (2018). An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury. Sports Medicine, 48, 251-267.
Bradley, R.J. (2013). The Effect of Q-Angle on Vertical Jump in Female Athletes. Master’s Thesis, Goucher College, Baltimore, MD, USA, May 2013.
Brotzman SB. (2018). Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: A Team Approach. Vol. 56. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018. Patellofemoral disorders; pp. 376–388.
Caine, D., Maffulli, N., & Caine, C. (2008). Epidemiology of injury in child and adolescent sports: injury rates, risk factors, and prevention. Clinics in sports medicine, 27(1), 19-50.
Carling, C., Bloomfield, J., Nelsen, L., & Reilly, T. (2008). The role of motion analysis in elite soccer: contemporary performance measurement techniques and work rate data. Sports medicine, 38, 839-862.
Carlock, JM, Smith, SL, Hartman, MJ, Morris, RT, Ciroslan, DA, Pierce, KC, Newton, RU, Harman, EA, Sands, WA, and Stone, MH. (2004). The relationship between vertical jump power estimates and weightlifting ability: A field-test approach. J Strength Cond Res 18: 534–539, 2004.
Cartwright, A. M. (2007). The influence of Q-angle and gender on the stair-climbing kinetics and kinematics of the knee (Master's thesis, University of Waterloo).
Cartwright, A. M. (2007). The influence of Q-angle and gender on the stair-climbing kinetics and kinematics of the knee (Master's thesis, University of Waterloo).
Chester, R., Smith, T. O., Sweeting, D., Dixon, J., Wood, S., & Song, F. (2008). The relative timing of VMO and VL in the aetiology of anterior knee pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 9, 1-14.
Chiu, L. Z., & Salem, G. J. (2012). Potentiation of vertical jump performance during a snatch pull exercise session. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28(6), 627-635.
Cometti, G., Maffiuletti, N. A., Pousson, M., Chatard, J. C., & Maffulli, N. (2001). Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of elite, sub elite and amateur French soccer players. International journal of sports medicine, 22(01), 45-51.
Contarlı, N. & Özmen, T. (2021). Relationship Between Q Angle, Dynamic Balance and Vertical Jump Height in Gymnasts. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi , 4 (3) , 32-43 .
Daneshmandi, H., Saki, F., Shahheidari, S., & Khoori, A. (2011). Lower extremity Malalignment and its linear relation with Q angle in female athletes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3349-3354.
Daneshmandi, H., Saki, F., Shahheidari, S., & Khoori, A. (2011). Lower extremity Malalignment and its linear relation with Q angle in female athletes. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3349-3354.
Daugherty, H. J., Weiss, L. W., Paquette, M. R., Powell, D. W., & Allison, L. E. (2021). Potential Predictors of Vertical Jump Performance: Lower Extremity Dimensions and Alignment, Relative Body Fat, and Kinetic Variables. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(3), 616-625.
Draper, C. E., Chew, K. T., Wang, R., Jennings, F., Gold, G. E., & Fredericson, M. (2011). Comparison of quadriceps angle measurements using short-arm and long-arm goniometers: correlation with MRI. Pm&r, 3(2), 111-116.
Emery, C. A., Meeuwisse, W. H., & McAllister, J. R. (2006). Survey of sport participation and sport injury in Calgary and area high schools. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 16(1), 20-26.
Enoksen, E., Tønnessen, E., & Shalfawi, S. (2009). Validity and reliability of the Newtest Powertimer 300-series® testing system. Journal of sports sciences, 27(1), 77-84.
French, DN, Gomez, AL, Volek, JS, Rubin, MR, Ratamess, NA, Sharman, MJ, Gotshalk, LA, Sebastianelli, WJ, Putukian, M, Newton, RU, Hakkinen, K, Fleck, SJ, and Kraemer, WJ. (2004). Longitudinal tracking of muscular power changes of NCAA division I collegiate women gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 18: 101–107, 2004.
Fried, T., & Lloyd, G. J. (1992). An overview of common soccer injuries: Management and prevention. Sports Medicine, 14, 269-275.
Fried, T., & Lloyd, G. J. (1992). An overview of common soccer injuries: Management and prevention. Sports Medicine, 14, 269-275.
Ghalehgir, S., Hefzollesan, M., Jamali, B. Q., & Tofighi, A. (2014). The relationship of breaststroke training on knee pain and Q angle of breaststroke and crawl swimmers. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 7, 29-36.
Guruhan, S., Kafa, N., Ecemis, Z. B., & Guzel, N. A. (2021). Muscle activation differences during eccentric hamstring exercises. Sports Health, 13(2), 181-186.
Hewett, T. E., Ford, K. R., & Myer, G. D. (2006). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. The American journal of sports medicine, 34(3), 490-498.
Hewett, T. E., Lindenfeld, T. N., Riccobene, J. V., & Noyes, F. R. (1999). The Effect of Neuromuscular Training on the Incidence of Knee Injury in Female Athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(6), 699–706.
Hubley, C. L., & Wells, R. P. (1983). A work-energy approach to determine individual joint contributions to vertical jump performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 50, 247-254.
Insall, J., Falvo, K. A., & Wise, D. W. (1976). Chondromalacia patellae. A prospective study. JBJS, 58(1), 1-8.
Ireland, M. L. (2002). The female ACL: why is it more prone to injury? Orthopedic Clinics, 33(4), 637-651.
Jones, B. R. (2013). The Effect of Q Angle on Vertical Jump in Female Athletes.
Kolstrup, L. A., Koopmann, K. U., Nygaard, U. H., Nygaard, R. H., & Agger, P. (2016). Injuries during football tournaments in 45,000 children and adolescents. European journal of sport science, 16(8), 1167-1175.
Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Nybo, L., Petersen, J., Mohr, M., & Bangsbo, J. (2010). Recreational football as a health promoting activity: a topical review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 20, 1-13.
Kwak SD, Ahmad CS, Gardner TR, Grelsamer RP, Henry JH, Blankevoort L, et al. (2008). Hamstrings and iliotibial band forces affect knee kinematics and contact pattern. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2000; 18(1):101-08. doi: 10.1002/ jor.1100180115
Levangie PK, Norkin CC, Lewek MD. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company; (2019). Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis. Skouras, A. Z., Kanellopoulos, A. K., Stasi, S., Triantafyllou, A., Koulouvaris, P., Papagiannis, G., ... & Kanellopoulos, A. (2022). Clinical Significance of the Static and Dynamic Q-angle. Cureus, 14(5).
Luhtanen, P., & Komi, P. V. (1978). Segmental contribution to forces in vertical jump. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 38, 181-188.
Messier, S. P., & Pittala, K. A. (1988). Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 20(5), 501-505.
Moir, G. L. (2008). Three different methods of calculating vertical jump height from force platform data in men and women. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 12(4), 207-218.
Moir, G., Shastri, P., & Connaboy, C. (2008). Intersession reliability of vertical jump height in women and men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1779-1784.
Nagano, A., & Gerritsen, K. G. (2001). Effects of neuromuscular strength training on vertical jumping performance—a computer simulation study. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17(2), 113-128.
Opar, D. A., Piatkowski, T., Williams, M. D., & Shield, A. J. (2013). A novel device using the Nordic hamstring exercise to assess eccentric knee flexor strength: a reliability and retrospective injury study. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(9), 636-640.
Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., De Ste Croix, M. B., Myer, G. D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2018). An audit of injuries in six English professional soccer academies. Journal of sports sciences, 36(13), 1542-1548.
Renshaw, A., & Goodwin, P. C. (2016). Injury incidence in a Premier League youth soccer academy using the consensus statement: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open Sport—Exercise Medicine, 2(1).
Robles-Palazón, F. J., López-Valenciano, A., Croix, M. D. S., Oliver, J. L., Garcia-Gómez, A., de Baranda, P. S., & Ayala, F. (2022). Epidemiology of injuries in male and female youth football players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of sport and health science, 11(6), 681-695.
Sands, B., Caine, D. J., & Borms, J. (2003). Scientific aspects of women's gymnastics (Vol. 45). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3497-3506.
Smith, T. O., Hunt, N. J., & Donell, S. T. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Q-angle: a systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 16, 1068-1079.
Stone, M. H., O'BRYANT, H. S., McCoy, L., Coglianese, R., Lehmkuhl, M. A. R. K., & Schilling, B. (2003). Power and maximum strength relationships during performance of dynamic and static weighted jumps. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(1), 140-147.
Teixeira, K. P., Masuyama, N. A., & Folha, R. A. C. (2008). Ângulo Q e Trato Iliotibial: um estudo de correlação [Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso]. Belém: Universidade da Amazônia.
Witvrouw, E., Lysens, R., Bellemans, J., Cambier, D., & Vanderstraeten, G. (2000). Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population: a two-year prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 28(4), 480-489.
Witvrouw, E., Lysens, R., Bellemans, J., Cambier, D., & Vanderstraeten, G. (2000). Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population: a two-year prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 28(4), 480-489.
Yoo, J. H., Lim, B. O., Ha, M., Lee, S. W., Oh, S. J., Lee, Y. S., & Kim, J. G. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effect of neuromuscular training on the prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy, 18, 824-830.
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