An examination of ostracism and social media addiction among adolescent athletes from various perspectives
Lisanslı olarak spor yapan ergenlerde ostrasizm ve sosyal medya bağımlılığının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v212.6481Keywords:
Ostracism, social exclusion, social media addiction, adolescent athletes, Ostrasizm, sosyal dışlanma, sosyal medya bağımlılığı, ergen sporcularAbstract
Aim: The purpose of this research is to examine ostracism and social media addiction among adolescents who are licensed athletes in terms of various variables.
Method: The participants of the study comprised middle and high school students who continued their education in public schools in Ankara during the 2022-2023 academic year and actively engaged in either individual or team sports as licensed athletes. The total number of participants was 238, including 100 females and 138 males. Data were collected using a demographic information form created by the researchers, the Ostracism Scale for Adolescents, and the Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents. For data analysis, independent samples t-tests were used for binary comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparisons involving three or more variables, and Pearson correlation analysis to examine the relationship between two dependent variables.
Findings: While participants' levels of ostracism did not differ based on gender, type of sport, perceived financial status, mother's education level, or father's education level, those who perceived their academic performance as high experienced more ostracism compared to those who perceived it as moderate. Similarly, participants' levels of social media addiction did not differ based on type of sport, perceived academic performance, financial status, mother's education level, or father's education level. However, it was found that females were more addicted to social media compared to males. Additionally, a significant negative relationship was found between social media addiction and ostracism.
Conclusions: In conclusion, ostracism levels showed a significant difference in favor of those with average academic performance, while social media addiction levels showed a significant difference in favor of males. Unexpectedly, it was determined that as participants' levels of ostracism increased, their levels of social media addiction decreased.
(Extended English summary is at the end of this document)
Özet
Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, lisanslı olarak spor yapan ergenlerde ostrasizm ve sosyal medya bağımlılığını çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemektir.
Yöntem: Araştırmanın katılımcılarını 2022-2023 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında Ankara ilindeki devlet okullarında eğitimine devam eden ve lisanlı olarak bireysel veya takım sporlarından birini aktif şekilde yapan ortaokul ve lise öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. 100’ü kadın ve 138’i erkek olmak üzere toplam katılımcı sayısı 238’dir. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan demografik bilgiler formunun yanı sıra Ergenler İçin Ostrasizm Ölçeği ve Ergenlerde Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ikili karşılaştırmalarda bağımsız örneklemler t testi, üç veya daha fazla değişkenin karşılaştırılmasında tek yönlü varyans analizi ve iki bağımlı değişken arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesinde ise Pearson korelasyon analizi tercih edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların ostrasizm düzeyleri cinsiyete, spor branşına, algılanan maddi duruma, anne eğitim düzeyine ve baba eğitim düzeyine göre farklılık göstermezken, akademik başarısını yüksek olarak algılayanlar, orta düzeyde algılayanlardan daha fazla ostrasizme maruz kalmışlardır. Benzer şekilde katılımcıların sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyleri, spor branşına, algılanan akademik başarıya, maddi duruma, anne eğitim düzeyine ve baba eğitim düzeyine göre farklılık göstermemiştir. Ancak, cinsiyet değişkenine göre kadınların sosyal medyaya daha fazla bağımlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile ostrasizm arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur.
Sonuçlar: Sonuç olarak ostrasizm düzeyi akademik başarı düzeyi ortalama olanların lehine, sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyi ise erkeklerin lehine anlamlı farklılık göstermiş ve beklenmedik şekilde katılımcıların ostrasizm düzeyleri arttıkça, sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerinin azaldığı belirlenmiştir.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Akın, A., Uysal, R., & Akın, Ü. (2016). Ergenler İçin Ostrasizm (Sosyal Dışlanma) Ölçeği'nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(2), 895-904.
Aktaş, E. (2020). Ergenlerin ebeveyne bağlanma stilleri ile sosyal görünüş kaygısı ve sosyal dışlanma düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi].
Ali, S. N. & Miller, D. A. (2016). Ostracism and Forgiveness. American Economic Review, 106(8), 2329-2348.
Alnjadat, R., Hmaidi, M. M., Samha, T. E., Kilani, M. M., & Hasswan, A. M. (2019). Gender variations in social media usage and academic performance among the students of University of Sharjah. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(4), 390-394.
Balcı, Ş., & Karaman Yeles, S. (2020). Social media usage, self-presentation, narcissism, and self-esteem as predictors of Instagram addiction: An intercultural comparison. Journal of Erciyes Communication, 7(2), 1213-1239.
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 589–604.
Baykal, B., & Köse, S. (2023). The Relationship of Social Exclusion and Well-being in The Context of Hunger and Poverty Threshold. Sosyoekonomi, 31(56), 205-216.
Berkman, K., & Kumaş, H. (2021). Yoksul bireylerin bakış açısı ile sosyal dışlanma: Denizli ili Sevindik Mahallesi örneği. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 21(50), 44-88.
Bilgin, M., Şahin, İ., & Togay, A. (2020). Social Media Addiction in Adolescents and Parent-Adolescent Relationship. Education & Science/Egitim ve Bilim, 45(202), 263-281.
Can, H. C., & Tozoğlu, E. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin internet bağımlılık düzeylerinin spor ve farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 3(3), 102-118.
Caratiquit, K. D., & Caratiquit, L. J. C. (2023). Influence of social media addiction on academic achievement in distance learning: Intervening role of academic procrastination. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 24(1), 1-19.
Christie, D., & Viner, R. (2005). Adolescent development. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 330(7486), 301–304.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Çiftci, N., Yıldız, M., & Çiftci, K. (2023). The mediating role of social ostracism in the effect of social media addiction on loneliness in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 73, 177-183.
Dou, D., & Shek, D. T. (2021). Predictive effect of internet addiction and academic values on satisfaction with academic performance among high school students in mainland China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 797906.
Draženović, M., Vukušić Rukavina, T., & Machala Poplašen, L. (2023). Impact of social media use on mental health within adolescent and student populations during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 1-22.
Du, H., Zhou, N., Cao, H., Zhang, J., Chen, A., & King, R. B. (2021). Economic inequality is associated with lower internet use: A nationally representative study. Social Indicators Research, 155, 789-803.
Erdogan, Ç. H., & Topuz, R. (2020). Investigation of Internet Addiction Levels of Physical Education Teachers. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 6(2), 169-175.
Ergun, G., & Alkan, A. (2020). The Social Media Disorder and Ostracism in Adolescents: (OSTRACA- SM Study). The Eurasian journal of medicine, 52(2), 139–144.
Esmaeili Rad, M., & Ahmadi, F. (2018). A new method to measure and decrease the online social networking addiction. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, 10(4), e12330.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2018). IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. Routledge.
Gilman, R., Carter-Sowell A., DeWall, N., Adams, R., & Carboni I. (2013). Validation of the Ostracism Experiences Scale for Adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 319-330.
Giordano, A. L., Schmit, M. K., & McCall, J. (2023). Exploring adolescent social media and internet gaming addiction: The role of emotion regulation. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 44(1), 69-80.
Güleryüz, S., Esentaş, M., Yıldız, K., & Güzel, P. (2020). Sosyal izolasyon sürecindeki bireylerin serbest zaman değerlendirme biçimleri: Sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı ilişkisinin incelenmesi. FOCUSS Spor Yönetimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 31-45.
Güney, M., & Taştepe, T. (2020). Ergenlerde sosyal medya kullanımı ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 183-190.
Gür, E. (2019). Boşanmış ve evli ebeveynlere sahip ergenlerin siber zorbalık sosyal dışlanma ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi].
Gürler, A., & Demirli, C. (2017). Ergenlerde sosyal dışlanma ve benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişki. The Journal of Social Sciences, 4(11), 941-951.
Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576-586.
Herr, O., & Köves, A. (2024). Achieving while looking forward: variables influencing performance in the transitory career phases of professional women’s handball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 1-19.
Hjetland, G. J., Skogen, J. C., Hysing, M., & Sivertsen, B. (2021). The association between self-reported screen time, social media addiction, and sleep among Norwegian university students. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 1-12.
Hudaynazarova, A. (2022). Olumlu ve olumsuz yaşantı geçirmiş ergenlerin ostrasizm (sosyal dışlanma) ve affetme düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi].
Hudaynazarova, A., & Avsaroglu, S. (2023). Investigation of Ostracism (Social Exclusion) and Forgiveness Levels of Adolescents with Positive and Negative Life Experiences. International Journal on Social and Education Sciences, 5(2), 393-403.
Islam, M. I., Biswas, R. K., & Khanam, R. (2020). Effect of internet use and electronic game-play on academic performance of Australian children. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 21727.
Janke, S., Messerer, L. A., Merkle, B., & Rudert, S. C. (2024). Why do minority students feel they don’t fit in? Migration background and parental education differentially predict social ostracism and belongingness. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 27(2), 278-299.
Javaeed, A., Jeelani, R., Gulab, S., & Ghauri, S. K. (2020). Relationship between internet addiction and academic performance of undergraduate medical students of Azad Kashmir. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 36(2), 229.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
Koçak, M., & Traş, Z. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile sosyal ortamlarda gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu ve yaşamın anlamı arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(3), 1618-1631.
Korobeinikova, T., & Shelkovnikova, A. (2021). Poverty and Social Ostracism: Interdependence in Modern Society. In VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference'Current problems of social and labour relations'(ISPC-CPSLR 2020) (pp. 380-384). Atlantis Press.
Kurtipek, S., Güngör, N. B., Yılmaz, B., Yenel, F. (2021). Üniversite yaşamında sosyal uyumun yordayıcısı olarak spora yönelik tutum. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 361-372. https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.947778
Li, L., Niu, Z., Mei, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). A network analysis approach to the relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO), smartphone addiction, and social networking site use among a sample of Chinese university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107086.
Li, S., Zhao, F., & Yu, G. (2019). Ostracism and aggression among adolescents: Implicit theories of personality moderated the mediating effect of self-esteem. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 105-111.
Lin, S., Longobardi, C., Gastaldi, F. G. M., & Fabris, M. A. (2024). Social Media Addiction and Aggressive Behaviors in Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Nighttime Social Media Use and Sleep Quality. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 44(1), 41-58.
Lustenberger, D. E., & Jagacinski, C. M. (2010). Exploring the effects of ostracism on performance and intrinsic motivation. Human Performance, 23(4), 283-304.
Malak, M. Z., Khalifeh, A. H., & Shuhaiber, A. H. (2017). Prevalence of Internet Addiction and associated risk factors in Jordanian school students. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 556-563.
Ogurlu, Ü. (2015). Ostracism among gifted adolescents: A preliminary study in Turkey. Educational Process: International Journal (EDUPIJ), 4(1-2), 18-30.
Oral, U. (2023). “Ostracism”, the people’s way of protecting democracy from tyrants in ancient Athens. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(86), 653-662.
Orbatu, D., Eliaçık, K., Alagayut, D., Hortu, H., Demirçelik, Y., Bolat, N., Elmalı, F. ve Helvacı, M. (2020). Ergenlerde Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi,21 (1), 56-61.
Ozturk, F. O., & Ayaz-Alkaya, S. (2021). Internet addiction and psychosocial problems among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 35(6), 595-601.
Öztosun, A. (2018). Ergenlerde algılanan sosyal destek ve sosyal dışlanma deneyimlerinin internet bağımlılığını yordayıcılığı [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi].
Pharo, H., Gross, J., Richardson, R., & Hayne, H. (2011). Age-related changes in the effect of ostracism. Social Influence, 6, 22 - 38.
Prasetya, T. A. E., & Wardani, R. W. K. (2023). Systematic review of social media addiction among health workers during the pandemic Covid-19. Heliyon, 9(6), 1-12
Ren, D., Wesselmann, E., & Williams, K. D. (2016). Evidence for another response to ostracism: Solitude seeking. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(3), 204-212.
Rudert, S. C., Janke, S., & Greifeneder, R. (2021). Ostracism breeds depression: Longitudinal associations between ostracism and depression over a three-year-period. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100-118.
Russo, A., Watkins, J., Kelly, L., & Chan, S. (2008). Participatory communication with social media. Curator: The Museum Journal, 51(1), 21-31.
Salvy, S. J., Bowker, J. C., Nitecki, L. A., Kluczynski, M. A., Germeroth, L. J., & Roemmich, J. N. (2012). Effects of ostracism and social connection-related activities on adolescents' motivation to eat and energy intake. Journal of pediatric psychology, 37(1), 23-32.
Sebastian, C., Viding, E., Williams, K. D., & Blakemore, S. J. (2009). Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 134-145.
Terzioğlu, C., & Ayhan, F. (2023). The relationship between social media addiction and social exclusion among university students. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 739-751.
Terzioğlu, C., & Ayhan, F. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığının sosyal dışlanma ile ilişkisi. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 739-751.
Turan, M. E., Adam, F., Kaya, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2023). The mediating role of the dark personality triad in the relationship between ostracism and social media addiction in adolescents. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 1-17.
Türkmen, E., Doğan, A., & Karaeminoğulları, A. (2016). The impact of ostracism on work effort: A comparison between Turkish and Azerbaijani employees. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(4), 110-128.
Victor, S. A., Ibrahim, M. S., Yusuf, S., Mahmud, N., Bahari, K. A., Yoke Ling, L., & Abd Mubin, N. N. (2024). Social media addiction and depression among adolescents in two Malaysian states. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 29(1), 2292055.
Wang, H., Kwan, M. P., & Hu, M. (2020). Social exclusion and accessibility among low-and non-low-income groups: A case study of Nanjing, China. Cities, 101, 102684.
Williams, K. D. (1997). Social ostracism. In Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133-170). Springer, Boston, MA.
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 425-452.
Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P. & Von Hippel, W. (2013). The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying. Psychology Press.
Wölfer, R., & Scheithauer, H. (2013). Ostracism in childhood and adolescence: Emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects of social exclusion. Social Influence, 8(4), 217-236.
Yue, H., Yue, X., Zhang, X., Liu, B., & Bao, H. (2022). Exploring the relationship between social exclusion and smartphone addiction: The mediating roles of loneliness and self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 945631.
Yue, H., Yue, X., Zhang, X., Liu, B., & Bao, H. (2023). Exploring the relationship between social exclusion and social media addiction: The mediating roles of anger and impulsivity. Acta Psychologica, 238, 103980.
Yücetürk, O. K. (2018). Lise öğrencilerinde sosyal dışlanmanın akran ilişkileri ve mükemmeliyetçilik ile ilişkisi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi].
Zhang, Y., Li, G., Liu, C., Chen, H., Guo, J., & Shi, Z. (2023). Mixed comparison of interventions for different exercise types on students with Internet addiction: a network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1111195.
Zhao, L. (2023). Social media addiction and its impact on college students' academic performance: The mediating role of stress. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 32(1), 81-90.
Zimmerman, C. A., Carter-Sowell, A. R., & Xu, X. (2016). Examining workplace ostracism experiences in academia: understanding how differences in the faculty ranks influence inclusive climates on campus. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 180549
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Human Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors can retain copyright, while granting the journal right of first publication. Alternatively, authors can transfer copyright to the journal, which then permits authors non-commercial use of the work, including the right to place it in an open access archive. In addition, Creative Commons can be consulted for flexible copyright licenses.
©1999 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
